tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14335741175945986002024-03-05T15:23:09.935+07:00ExplorationThis is my WorldRadiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.comBlogger38125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-23568695030867381312009-12-08T19:50:00.004+07:002010-01-20T08:41:53.221+07:00Structures: Folds and Faults in West Kalimantan, Borneo<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In West Kalirnantan, the E-W trending fold system is exemplified by the large synclinal structure that involves the Ketungau Basin sediments. It is a symmetrical fold with dips on both flanks around 30 degree. The situation is quite different in the Melawi Basin to the south, were the folding is asymmetric, with a steeply dipping north limb, and the dips decrease to the south. The fold axes extend NWSE. Similar trending folds have also affected Triassic to Cretaceous sedimentary formations to the west of the Melawi Basin. </span><br />
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In the northern part of Kalimantan, a number of thrust and normal faults have been identified trending E-W. The thrust faults may be associated with Late Cretaceous melange formation and were rejuvanated in the Early Miocene. The normal faults were formed after Oligocene time, probably in the Early Miocene. <br />
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There are north-trending faults in West Kalimantan, whose nature is ill defined. In Central Jawa, younger faults intersect the Plio-Pleistocene fold axes nearly perpendicularly. <br />
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A set of faults in West Kalimantan trends NE-SW, cutting the Cretaceous sediments and Boyan Melange. They are thought to be strikeslip. <br />
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</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-90289456280448767312009-11-20T10:48:00.003+07:002009-11-20T10:51:43.101+07:00Diamond in Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Like gold, diamonds have been known to exist in Kalimantan since the 18th Century. Diamonds have been obtained by panning in the Lardak and Kapuas rivers (Sanggau Regency) since 1836. The largest diamond ever found weighs some 6 carats. All the Kalimantan diamonds are derived from alluvial deposits, and the ultimate source rocks have never been established. </span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOsA6dcpUzqY9tVTaDfflbQGo7Gi449dbe_5NZFyaz2CglfAFaUATQ5d8VYXADFt_bDyRYpKJaBce9_cn4oKGILtXJ_qac9VJhLc1pKbhf-dax5rj5doUebmT16ZF0sIFOszTOuvcVE_4/s1600/diamond.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOsA6dcpUzqY9tVTaDfflbQGo7Gi449dbe_5NZFyaz2CglfAFaUATQ5d8VYXADFt_bDyRYpKJaBce9_cn4oKGILtXJ_qac9VJhLc1pKbhf-dax5rj5doUebmT16ZF0sIFOszTOuvcVE_4/s320/diamond.jpg" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">The diamond-bearing alluvial sediments are clastic rocks of 2 to 12 meter thickness, whose clasts are of quartz (yellow to pink color), hornblende, corundum, schist, slate and igneous rock fragments, in addition to magnetite, mica and gold. The slate and schist clasts are known to be pre-Permian. The other rock clasts are Tertiary in age. It was formerly considered that the Pamali Breccia of Southeast Kalimantan represents the primary source of the diamonds. However, Bergman et al. (1987) have shown that this diamondiferous formation is a sedimentary conglomerate of local Bobaris ophiolite provenance. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">In 1984 Anaconda Indonesia Inc., together with PT Aneka Tambang, carried out explorations over 4,882,500 hectares of West Kalimantan, under K.P. Number DU 574 by PT Aneka Tambang. Samples were collected from the Landak and Sekayam rivers and examined in Denver, but none showed a positive indication of primary diamond. Only one sample location contained diamonds. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Diamonds are found only in streams that drain the Plateau Sandstone. There is also a correlation between diamonds in the neighboring stream and corundum-bearing rocks occurring as rounded pebbles in the basal conglomerate of the Plateau Sandstone. Paleo-current analyses were made of the Plateau Sandstone, which generally indicated a provenance from the east, but such studies were unsuccessful in locating the primary source of the diamonds. 8 Ma old minette dykes occur at Linhaisai in the northern Barito Province, but they are not considered to be the source of the alluvial diamonds, and the search for the lamproite or kimberlite sources must continue in Central Kalimantan or adjacent Southeast Asia. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">It is also possible that at least some of the diamonds were derived from the olivine basalts of Central Kalimantan, and from ophiolites occurring in the Suruk river area in West Kalimantan. The diamonds found in the Tertiary sediments and present day rivers of Kalimantan, Thailand, Burma and Sumatra are characteristically similar. The present geographical locations of the diamond deposits are likely to have resulted from multiple cycles of erosion and sedimentation. </span><br />
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</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-76010142919395080282009-11-13T09:59:00.000+07:002009-11-13T10:01:14.810+07:00Geology of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Geologically, Sulawesi Island and its surrounding area is a complex region. The complexity was caused by convergence between three lithospheric plates: the northward-moving Australian plate, the westward-moving Pacific plate, and the south-southeast-moving Eurasia plate. The Makassar Strait, which separates the Sunda Platform (part of the Eurasia Plate) from the South Arm and Central Sulawesi, formed by sea-floor spreading originating in the Miocene. North of the island is the North Sulawesi Trench formed by the subduction of oceanic crust from the Sulawesi Sea. To the southeast convergence has occurred between the Southeast Arm and the northern part of the Banda Sea along the Tolo Thrust. Both major structures (the North Sulawesi Trench and Tolo Thrust) are linked by the Palu-Koro-Matano Fault system. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Based on lithologic association and tectonic development, Sulawesi and its surrounding islands are divided into 5 tectonic provinces: </span><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> The Tertiary Western Sulawesi Volcanic Arc </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Quarternary Minahasa-Sangihe Volcanic Arc </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cretaceous-Paleogene Central Sulawesi Metamorphic belt </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cretaceous Eastern Sulawesi Ophiolite Belt and its associated pelagic sedimentary covers </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Paleozoic Banda Micro-continental fragments derived from the Australian continent </span></li>
</ul><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">The contacts between those provinces are faults. </span> <br />
</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-72115166763326195182009-11-10T16:55:00.000+07:002009-11-10T16:55:47.957+07:00Coal Carbonization Process<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Coal carbonization include the reform process with the state of anaerobic (without oxygen) at low temperatures 459-700 Celsius and at high temperatures produces 900-12000 Celsius and porous solid materials which are residues carbonization process called coke or charcoal and volatile gases (Tsai, 1980 ). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> In general, the solid material consists of semi-coke is formed from the coal that is not experiencing maturation and coke derived from coal that has undergone maturation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> During the carbonization of coal through several stages of physical and chemical changes. Physical changes of softening, the flow of material, and hardening of the merger, while the chemical changes of cracking polymerization and evaporation. The factors above may affect the quality of coal in terms of petrography composition.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Coal type is characterized by variation maceral and mineral content in coal (Cook, 1975; Stach, 1985). The formation of this type are controlled by various factors, including the spatial and temporal variation of the ancient climate, geological age, tectonic processes, the ecological conditions of sedimentation environment and the coal-forming plants in its community. Type of coal occurs in phase biochemistry. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpMJcjDPVRQZ_YoBqQajieBGsgiD5bjczjvNi59Rz3Wroi9rpLcwlVRcT-TCiZr71R-98SSfeOLZPHCBBY6ksxQB-V7b_ZCaWYwT2gwxYS0cgsnzA-0LOYWblGqq81OgbxgxW5xu3R85s/s1600-h/coal+maceral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpMJcjDPVRQZ_YoBqQajieBGsgiD5bjczjvNi59Rz3Wroi9rpLcwlVRcT-TCiZr71R-98SSfeOLZPHCBBY6ksxQB-V7b_ZCaWYwT2gwxYS0cgsnzA-0LOYWblGqq81OgbxgxW5xu3R85s/s400/coal+maceral.jpg" /></a><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Rank or rank of coal is the maturity level of organic material that starts from the lowest level of lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, semi-anthracite, anthracite to meta-anthracite. Carbonization stage is dominated by geochemical processes, so that the most important factor in the formation of coal rank is the temperature, pressure and time. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Observations by petrography in coal basically covers two things namely the identification maceral abundance and composition of maceral vitrinite, inertinite and liptinite. Coal with high inertinite composition and low vitrinite will tend to produce low-power one while if vitrinite high and low inertinite it will have the moderate-power, but coal with high strength obtained when the composition shows inertinite content and vitrinite was balanced. Strength of coal can also affect the rank of coal. Through petrography, coal rank can be known through its vitrinite reflectance value. The best range of vitrinite reflectance value is 1.2-1.4. The coal with good vitrinite value obviously can produce coal with high strength quality. </span><br />
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</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-29743848418856591642009-11-10T15:29:00.000+07:002009-11-10T15:39:19.750+07:00Regional Tectonic of Timor Island, Indonesia<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Arc-continent collision between Eastern Sunda Arc (Banda Arc) and Southwest Australia continent formed the southern boundary of the tectonic elements. This collision zone is part of the evolutionary stages of young or early and more to resemble aspects of normal trench-arc system. </span><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">In the eastern part of Sumba Island, Indian Ocean crust has a complete experience of intense subduction and Australia now has been raised above the Banda Arc due this. To the west of the collision zone, Sunda Arc moved to the edge of continental Southeast Asia which make up one of the classic collision system features, in which the crust of the Indian Ocean-Australian (about >150 Ma) forces down along the Sunda trench, given that the Indian Ocean Plate, Australia moved northward relative to the Eurasian Plate with a velocity of about 7.5 cm/year (according to Curray, 1989). The island of Java, Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa expected forming this through the formation of the volcanic arc on the southern edge of Sundaland that initially passive. Sumba represents the bedrock that uplifted front of the arc and was trapped in front of the arc current basin (Reed et al., 1986). Some evidence suggests that the development of Sumba geology can be parallel correlated with Doang Borderland located at the end of the edge of the Sunda Shield (Wytze et al., 1991). However, Lombok front arc basin lies to the west of Sumba marked by the opening structures on certain stratigraphy horizon. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Transition zone Sunda-Banda arc is clearly recorded the existence of two straight thrust fault zone, both located in the front of the arc itself. One is represented by Savu fault (thrust type), and the other were behind the arc is called Flores back arc fault (back-arc thrust type). Both systems are connected (Silver and Reed, 1987). Area behind the arc shows laterally discontinuous zones of the back arc fault structures and produced younger accretionary wedges. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Timor Island is located outside the non-volcanic arc islands of Indonesia, between the Australia plates that move toward the north and the outer Banda arc as part of the Eurasian plate. The Timor Island is made by deformation of the northern Australia plate which had being thrust faulted, especially the southern part around Timor Trough. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Non-volcanic arcs consist of the underwater ridge of Java Trench, Timor Island, Tanimbar, Kei and Seram up to the east. During the Tertiary age, continuous trench system was fairly active in northwestern Sumatra, Java Trench, the Lesser Sunda Islands, Timor, Tanimbar, Kei and Seram, accompanied by active volcanic subduction that can be found on the West Coast of Sumatra, South Coast of Java, Lesser Sunda Islands (Katili, 1990). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Component of plate tectonics collision involved in this, namely the Asian plate lithosphere that appear shaped by the continental crust (Sunda Craton), sea-marginal (marginal sea) of the Banda Sea, and Australian-Irian lithosphere plate (Gondwana), made by the oceanic crust Indian and Australian continental crust include elements from the island of New Guinea, Buru, Obi and others. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Tectonic evolution that began at the age of the Upper End of Perm, Middle Jurassic, Early Cretaceous until the Late Cretaceous and Neogene basin formation resulting from Paleozoic basin which had trending oriented northwest-southeast direction which then formed again (overprinting) by later Mesozoic basin of northeast-southwest trending direction. Meanwhile, the sinistral transform fault was rejuvenated by Neogene normal fault were related both sides (N. Sitompul, S, Wijanto, J., Purnomo, 1993). </span><br />
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</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-24264622968988489082009-11-03T12:49:00.000+07:002009-11-03T18:38:02.283+07:00Shape, Structure, and Volcanism Activity of Gunung Kelimutu (Kelimutu Mount), Flores Island, Indonesia<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Shape and Structure </b></span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">This mountain is located in the Central Flores Island, Endeh District, also called Mount Geli or Mutu. It is at 1640 m above sea level. This mountain has 3 craters are: Tiwu Ata Mbupu, Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Fai, Tiwu Ata Polo. Mount Kelimutu is belong to strato type volcano. <br />
<br />
According to Neuman van Padang (1951) northeast caldera named Sukaria there is a compound volcano with a slope that can develop long straight lineament to the east. Granite buried here about 3 km to the north Kelido area and 2 km to the south of the Kelibara area which is height 1630 m. <br />
<br />
Peak which extends 2 km to the west northwest direction, east southeast, and contains 3 pieces craters that all contain a lake.<br />
<br />
Ata Mbupu Tiwu, northwest of the valley has a very steep wall of a crater with size of 850x700m rising in the east of an older crater with diameters of 600 m. <br />
<br />
Double crater Nua Tiwu Kooh Fai and Tiwu Ata Polo surrounded by a dike ring with “C” shape. It is irregular with a diameter of 1200 m identified by Kemmerling (1929). In August 1932 Stehn (1940) found a large area of collapse sink outside the crater slopes of Tiwu Ata Mbupu and Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Fai. Because of its embankment, the circle “C” shape is not present. <br />
<br />
Kemmerling (1929) analyzed the rocks as follows: <br />
</span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">1. A bomb from hyperstene alkaline andesite or basalt. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">2. Obsidian. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">3. Andesite lava flow or basalt hyperstene </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">4. Inclusion of the burned clay.</span><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b>Tabel of Kelimutu Mount Details:</b></span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Gz_tMYNKregomfmaRUTrXXq2hBY_DpU7uET7Hm67espPhGvW_x-V1_0SsraH5GYnGDipkxsfkLzMNtYog9pFXnJ9Mta6bv57-GgdWgJahncUdKTbHIXng7rnCNPMLqhtvXoQmMR5y78/s1600-h/table_kelimutu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Gz_tMYNKregomfmaRUTrXXq2hBY_DpU7uET7Hm67espPhGvW_x-V1_0SsraH5GYnGDipkxsfkLzMNtYog9pFXnJ9Mta6bv57-GgdWgJahncUdKTbHIXng7rnCNPMLqhtvXoQmMR5y78/s320/table_kelimutu.jpg" /></a><br />
The size is based on Kemmerling (1929). The water color change from year to year, may be directly related to the magmatic activities. The color pattern is also caused by some kind of algae (Niloperbowo, 1972).</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJLAJlKW7_jYWhfPF0uOplOvQ7OPRs6M7-qn3elASmP8ouhmA2m3Pau2nQMheT2GDuHjmI6rRBs4JNUF5tintdZVsxd042Nmx_d2DXU1zLVtQnzzkuB7tuC20P8-WdH-QW6k5Wwyt2Kzs/s1600-h/kelimutu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJLAJlKW7_jYWhfPF0uOplOvQ7OPRs6M7-qn3elASmP8ouhmA2m3Pau2nQMheT2GDuHjmI6rRBs4JNUF5tintdZVsxd042Nmx_d2DXU1zLVtQnzzkuB7tuC20P8-WdH-QW6k5Wwyt2Kzs/s400/kelimutu.jpg" /></a><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
<b>Eruption activity </b><br />
<br />
According to old residents in the surrounding volcanoes, the three lakes have been there throughout history. Only the crater wall between the two eastern lakes was much wider and had the same height as the other wall. The eruption occurred between 1860-1870. <br />
</span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">• 1938, in May-June occurred activities in Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Fai. Neuman van Padang (1951) identify as phreatic eruption. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">• 1967, in the September, water color of Lake Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Fai changed from green to white. This is caused because more sulfur is deposited by fumarole uplifting or increasing its activity. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">• 1968, Kusumadinata reported the eruption happened in water Tiwu Nua Muri Kooh Fai on June 3. This phenomenon is preceded by a hissing sound followed by a spray of blackish brown water in the west of the lake. Spray occurs in more than one place and reach the high altitude about 10 m. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">• 1973, according Suryo there is no significant change, only the water of lake Tiwu Ata Mbupu look black.</span><br />
<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-27203475008583583982009-10-29T16:25:00.000+07:002009-10-29T16:25:41.304+07:00Soil in Liwa, Lampung, Sumatra Island, Indonesia<div style="color: black;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><style>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In general, the southern region of Liwa (West Lampung, Sumatra Island) is covered by the residual soil. Soil residues in this region formed by weathering processes are in-situ in the parent rock without experiencing erosion or transportation. Condition tropical regions resulted in the formation of residual soil in Liwa area controlled by the degree of chemical weathering. Climatic and topographic factors also indirectly affect the soil formation process in Liwa area because of these factors helped determine the level of weathering and the thickness of the residual soil. Soil residues from the Liwa area derived from volcanic rock deposition filled up most of volcano hills and valleys. Residual soil weathering is the result of volcanic material such as tuff which has the highest plasticity and high compressibility. It also has a characteristic level of intensive consolidation (Wesley, 1988).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The residual soil in this area can be divided into two types based on their physical appearance. Brown residue on the soil top layer of 0-3 m, whereas below this layer is a red residual soils with a depth> 3 m. They are on the horizon E and B according to the classification of soil profiles according to Soil Survey Staff. Brown residue in the soil on eluviated horizon (E horizon) is characterized by light brown color, many lost their silicate minerals, clay, iron elements, or aluminum due to the washing process and leaving sand or silt particles of minerals resistant. Ground red residues are on <span style="text-decoration: none;">illuviated</span> horizon (B horizon) is characterized by red, mineral concentration washing process results in the form of clay minerals, carbon, sesquioxides of iron and aluminum elements.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicv09-LamBZZnxIqNFFVAvcEawuZX3owm4nifGNNbjO9MX43MD60uL-neAlHRyFE1-5reHugGF2T7tPoJhzZpJq2KvMFvWdclsnXDgGxii6mtI-3YasQg67-Lngt62s-BQv8q8YTsQ6z8/s1600-h/soil-layer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicv09-LamBZZnxIqNFFVAvcEawuZX3owm4nifGNNbjO9MX43MD60uL-neAlHRyFE1-5reHugGF2T7tPoJhzZpJq2KvMFvWdclsnXDgGxii6mtI-3YasQg67-Lngt62s-BQv8q8YTsQ6z8/s320/soil-layer.jpg" /></a><br />
</div><div style="color: black;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">DETAILS OF GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISTIC IN THIS AREA:<o:p></o:p><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Consolidation and compressibility tests showed a tendency to brown residual soil settlement properties (decrease in building construction) are high enough compared with the residual red soil. In accordance with the thickness, consolidation brown residue on the soil is estimated to occur up to 3 m.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Based on the compaction test, natural water content of soil residues (brown and red) are high and are slightly above the optimum water content. As piling material, it is necessary to obtain some degree of drying for the maximum resistance power.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The flow of water occurs vertically from top to bottom through the soil horizons. This process is triggered so that the leaching process of accumulation of minerals often found in the layer B (red residual soil) as enrichment. Lateral water flow at the surface and the erosion is minimal, so that the process of formation of sedimentary soil less than the residual soil widespread in this region.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil residues in this region (brown and red) are loaded with halloysite clay minerals, high plasticity value, so that is sensitive to the effects of vibration and changes in pore water pressure. In saturated conditions can cause instability and prone to landslides, especially on steep slopes.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;"><br />
</div><br />
Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-26464242536846468682009-10-29T11:41:00.000+07:002009-11-10T15:31:06.539+07:00Tectonic and Structure Geology of Sumatra Island<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sumatra Island is located in the path of volcano (NW-SE). Sumatra volcanic arc was formed by the meeting of two plates, the Indo-Australian plate which plunge down into Eurasian plate. The converging between the two plates as more detailed formed tectonic elements as follow:</span><br />
<br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Active subduction zone, manifested by the Java-Sumatra Trench.</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Non-magmatic arc as accretionary wedge that formed island of Nias, Simeule Island, Mentawai Islands, etc..</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Fore arc basin, manifested by Sibolga Basin and Bengkulu Basin.</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Magmatic arc, indicated by the Barisan Mountains. Volcanoes located in the Barisan Mountains including Mount Merapi, Mount Kerinci, etc..</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Back arc basin, manifested by the Malacca Straits.</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Continental shelf of Sundaland.</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyjMxZFHCXHjx3aAIgsZ89pZzv0CrQIK2qOBdI3gA5QvsyjjX3zFOp-izRxRNgAl3pN5NLUfZEXeDKJkezJyx-1OQmb5AOQFwlqDnG9uLRQVJwV9SGoOgdhJqtCfioeXsR_F0ES3Uqerk/s1600-h/geo_sumatra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyjMxZFHCXHjx3aAIgsZ89pZzv0CrQIK2qOBdI3gA5QvsyjjX3zFOp-izRxRNgAl3pN5NLUfZEXeDKJkezJyx-1OQmb5AOQFwlqDnG9uLRQVJwV9SGoOgdhJqtCfioeXsR_F0ES3Uqerk/s320/geo_sumatra.jpg" /></a></span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Structure Map of Sumatra Island (Darman & Sidi, 2000)</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Important symptoms that occur in Sumatra, in addition to that described above is the presence of horizontal Sumatra fault, known as the Sumatra Fault System (SFS) which divides the island of Sumatra, and following the path of the Barisan Mountains from Aceh to the Sunda Strait. There are two thoughts about SFS:</span><br />
<br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">• Allegedly as a consequence of oblique subduction occurred in Sumatera (Katili, 1985).</span><br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">• The movement was done by collision between India-Eurasia plate which extruded blocks of Southeast Asia toward Southeast (Tapponier, 1982).</span><br />
<br />
</div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In general, the process of Barisan Mountains uplifting began in Late Miocene, probably reached its peak at the boundary between the Miocene-Pliocene. This uplifting process is not consistently going on until now as estimated by recent geological features followed by the pattern of tectonics in the Early Pleistocene. Tectonic activity along the island formed massive geanticlines that causing the temperature rise related to rapid intrusion of accumulated magma underneath. It is characterized by increasing of both volcanic activity and lateral movement along Sumatra Fault System. All active tectonic activity over the Sumatra region is considered as the main source of recent earthquakes. </span><br />
</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-64593101125095137232009-10-24T10:07:00.000+07:002009-11-03T18:33:51.772+07:00Karst Landscapes<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta><meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"></meta><meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"></meta><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Cuser%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <span style="font-size: small;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;">Chemical weathering of rocks rich in carbonates would form a unique landscape such as caves, rivers, underground rivers, and springs. Karst derives from the narrow plains means empty due to the dissolving of the work on the surrounding area. Karst developed in areas that have many limestone with little dolomite. Chemical solubility of limestone become more intense when there are cracks, cracks in the rocks so that erosion comes through the gap and continuous surface to the inside.</span></span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSJRu2JCiyut9fCkX4zUWS3-sxX-6_aY4rKjhJmKBZO9z5DlDlMKWnruxIxOqnwVwOv9hyphenhyphenq_N3RtxoREI-t9ocD9BnwW4gLu9jy1dijfGaP_CIHbhyS_1dMsK4AwQ1MBtHhXcN1B-YOJM/s1600-h/karst+towers.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSJRu2JCiyut9fCkX4zUWS3-sxX-6_aY4rKjhJmKBZO9z5DlDlMKWnruxIxOqnwVwOv9hyphenhyphenq_N3RtxoREI-t9ocD9BnwW4gLu9jy1dijfGaP_CIHbhyS_1dMsK4AwQ1MBtHhXcN1B-YOJM/s320/karst+towers.gif" /></a></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Limestone towers and conical hills Southeast of Guilin, China </span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In general there are four necessary conditions for the emergence of karst. First there must be limestone located close to the surface. However, karst is usually found in the dolomite layer was covered by the very lack of solubility when compared with limestone. Second, limestone be packed with lots of thick and thin layered. If the rock is too permeable then the water will continue to flow without reacting first with limestone. Third, the existence of rivers under the ground upon which consist of soluble rocks while also allowing a lot of heavy downward flow forming subsurface water flow is important in the formation of karst. And the last at least the area must have a rainfall conditions is high enough. Some areas with climate Arid or semi-Arid to form karst, karst formation, although some may appear in the previous period when the climate humid/wet.</span><br />
</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-4240612707464254212009-10-22T18:05:00.000+07:002009-11-03T18:30:59.400+07:00Gunung Benau (Benau Mount), Type of Sedimentation and Lithology<div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Consist of interbedded marl and limestone with intercalation of fine grained sandstone conformably overly shoreface sandstone unit. Marl characteristic by grey, limey, frequent calsitic, rich concretions, and pyrite nodules, bioturbated, fossils, minor mica and carbon, concretion. The marl interbedded with light grey, hard, massive, calcite veined, micritic limestone. This well bedded micritic limestone indicate a platform environment. Some build up reef limestone and minor sandstone were also found in this unit.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtE4iDSE8nITSt4A4zC-OFNog9zC7IsX2w0MZuUepHIRZhCFkbl71exwpSEt8AvIGdFWy6C0cxtn8RozrIiRxNxZ4PXKpuu33dYGTLJS7OzbpRU0k6AeFaeMF_I-jyculPhGvP014BdT4/s1600-h/benau1.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5395386496261644162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtE4iDSE8nITSt4A4zC-OFNog9zC7IsX2w0MZuUepHIRZhCFkbl71exwpSEt8AvIGdFWy6C0cxtn8RozrIiRxNxZ4PXKpuu33dYGTLJS7OzbpRU0k6AeFaeMF_I-jyculPhGvP014BdT4/s320/benau1.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 240px; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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</span><br />
</div><span style="font-size: small;">There also reef limestone with a great amount of fossils including coral, foraminifera, and gastropod. The reef limestone growth in shallow marine environment and interacted with sea level change. Distribution of the reef limestone is not too far and just only found in several spot. It means that the reef can not grow optimally because the sea level change that makes reef can’t catch up or give up to the sea level. The lack of sunshine and nutrient or large influx of terigeneous clastic sediments could also disturbing the growth of reefal limestone.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5VgAIkUNAxAiKCOxARw1IMl28rqht15kS3I-XsdoPARXg_kY_7jpiv3RBOMWMnMFNvS00EyId5ak8c63dO7kjaRQ0zVivrow1PsCW8Yb1N7waWwaL5jx6i2yb-8RKyn9vQH0bG1DvSd8/s1600-h/benau.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5395386497977375410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5VgAIkUNAxAiKCOxARw1IMl28rqht15kS3I-XsdoPARXg_kY_7jpiv3RBOMWMnMFNvS00EyId5ak8c63dO7kjaRQ0zVivrow1PsCW8Yb1N7waWwaL5jx6i2yb-8RKyn9vQH0bG1DvSd8/s320/benau.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 240px; width: 320px;" /></a><br />
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</span><span style="font-size: small;">The limestone is various. In some place, found grey, massive, micritic, very fine-fine grained (calsilutite-calcarenite), no fossil, calsitic, up to 1.5 metres and has a good thin and thick bedding with the marl. The others is fossiliferous limestone, whitish-yellow, texture compact, largely calsite, shells, gastropods, algae, coral. This unit deposited in shelf and shallow water environment. We can interpret the limestone that the massive, micritic limestone is deposited around the outer shelf, near reef, or barrier reef. The major frame building colonies, heads of algae, gastropods, poorly sorted calsirudite, shells, and very rich cavities, hollows is part of reefal (Biohermal Limestone) as a lense or boulder and surrounded by marl and the pelletal packestone, bioclastic wackestone, and limestone is only a local reef development, and growth after shoreface sandstone unit deposited because of drop sea level phase. This local boundstone with limey sand bodies is part of lagoonal or mid-shelf environment.<br />
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</span><span style="font-size: small;">The middle section contains a tiny section of minor mica, very fine-grained sandstone that interbedded with limestone and marls. This sandstone indicates deltaic/tidal influence in the platform environment. Probably, this environment just occurred in a short time. The whole unit represents platform sedimentation with some localized reef. Sea level change and tectonic process play role during the deposition. The base of this unit is conformably overlies the shoreface unit .The upper contact is an uncomformity with volcanic rock sequence because airfall tuff overlies the marl-limestone unit. </span> <br />
</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-17960228718550819572009-10-22T17:36:00.000+07:002009-11-03T18:53:04.945+07:00Tanjung Redeb, North East Borneo Geology<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Structure and Tectonics </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Structures found in the Tj Redeb consist of folds, normal faults, strike slip faults and lineaments. Faults trend NW-SE and SW-NE. Folds trend NW-SE and SW-NE forming anticlines and synclines. This are presumed to have four tectonic events. First event inferred during Late Cretaceous time or older. This event made the Bangara Fm. sediments into folding, faulting and low grade metamorphic rocks. Depositions of Early Eocene shallow marine sediment within the Sembakung Fm. (middle and western part of area) was also formed Tabalar Fm. in the SE mapped in Eocene-Oligocene and followed by the second tectonic event. Deposition of the Bangara Fm. took place in the middle, east, south and west in the Oligo-Miocene where it is locally intruded by Andesitic rocks, which have been altered and mineralized. Oligo Miocene volcanic activity formed the Jelai Volcanic Rocks in the west. After deposition of the Birang Fm. the Latih Fm was deposited. The Latih Fm. sediments were formed surrounding Teluk Bayur during Late Early Miocene up to Middle Miocene.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">The third tectonic event seems to have been occurred after the position of the Latih Fm. Deposition of the Labanan Fm. in the SW and Domaring Fm in the east occurred during the Late Miocene up to the Pliocene whereas the Late Miocene sediments of the Tabul Fm was formed in the north and deposition of the Sinjin Fm. (in SW and N of the sheet). After deposition of the Sinjin Fm. the Sajau Fm. was deposited in the Eastern portion of the sheet in the Plio-Pleistocene.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Late Pleistocene, after deposition of the Sajau Fm. sediments, the fourth tectonic event was presumed to have occurred. This was showing folding and faulting sediments of the Sajau Fm. and older sediments on the lower part to form the recent topography and morphology.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mineral and Energy Resources</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Coal is one of natural resources having a good prospect in the studied area. The coal surveys were carried out since the Netherlands Indies Government and then continue investigating by the Indonesian Government. Coals are found within sediments of the Latih, Tabul, Labanan and Sajau Formations. The coal mining was formerly carried out by the NV Steenkolen Maatschappij Prapatan (SMP).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Previous geologists report 70 coal seams ranging from 20cm to 5.5 M in thickness. There are many varieties of coal grading from bituminous coal to brown coal. The bituminous and sub-bituminous coals have a quality of 6000 calories per gram. The Teluk Bayur coals have 7000 calories per gram. Building materials such as quartz sand and clays are widespread in Teluk Bayur and Labanan areas. Good quality limestone outcrops are found in Tanjung Selor but are limited in area. The limestone also crops out well in Siduung River upstream but it is hard to be mined because of bad transportation. Limited andesite outcrops were also found in the west and they were used by the logging company for building roads.</span><br />
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</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWnBcBSq7Ls6fddKceY5Egbttu_qkN2e4HGEtTuUr-igI7WteLe8UyyKVAYtG2mBtxXTMKeuc4RJda-sF3Kp6i1d1OyHLQqihUYKNvCOIcEDed9bLiLo5arUdgY9tjJNtlfmCi_hnyxh0/s1600-h/Borneo-Strat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWnBcBSq7Ls6fddKceY5Egbttu_qkN2e4HGEtTuUr-igI7WteLe8UyyKVAYtG2mBtxXTMKeuc4RJda-sF3Kp6i1d1OyHLQqihUYKNvCOIcEDed9bLiLo5arUdgY9tjJNtlfmCi_hnyxh0/s320/Borneo-Strat.jpg" /></a><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Situmorang, R.L. and Burhan, G., 1995</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Regional Stratigraphy</span></b><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Qa – Quaternary alluvium, Mud, silt, sand, cobbles, pebbles and peat, grey to blackish colors, Unit thicknesses up to 40M..</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Ql – QUATERNARY REEF LIMESTONE, Reefal, coralline and brecciated corals, white to grey, brown, crystalline, hollows, containing corals, locally brecciated, deposited in shallow marine environment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">TQps – SAJAU Fm. Alternations of claystone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, intercalations of coal seams, contains molluscs, quartzite and micas. Shows cross bedding and lamination. Coal seams 20-100CM thick, black to brown. Unit thickness about 775M deposited in fluviatile and delta environments..</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tps – SINJIN Fm. Alternations of tuff, agglomerate, lapilli, pyroxene andesite lava, silicified tuff, tuffaceous claystone and kaolin. Contains lignite, quartz, feldspar and black minerals. Unit thickness up to 500M.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tmpd – DOMARING Fm. Coralline limestone, chalky limestone, intercalations of marl and lignite; deposited in swampy-littoral environment, thickness is about 1000M. Of Late Miocene-Pliocene Age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tmpl – LABANAN Fm. Alternating polymic conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and claystone, intercalations of limestone and coal seams (20-150CM thick) deposited in fluvial environment. Thickness is about 450M. Late Miocene-Pliocene age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tmt – TABUL Fm. Consisting of sandstone, claystone, conglomerate and coal seam intercalations. Contains Operculina sp. Unit thickness about 1050M. Deposited in delta, regressive environment. Late Miocene age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tml – LATIH Fm. Quartz sandstone, claystone, siltstone and coal in the upper part. Intercalations of sandy shale and limestone in the lower part. Black and brown coal seams 0.2 to 5.5M thick. Deposited in estuary, delta and shallow marine environments. Unit thickness is about 800M. Early Miocene to Late Miocene age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tomj – JELAI VOLCANICS, Volcanic breccia, tuffaceous sandstone and tuff. Locally intercalated with coal seams, shows graded bedding and cross bedding structures. Andesite cleave intrusive. Unit thickness reached 200M. Oligocene to Miocene age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tomb – BIRANG Fm. Alternations of marl, limestone and tuff in the upper part. Alternations of marl, chert, conglomerate, quartz sandstone and limestone in the lower part. Thickness is about 1100M. Fossils content: Lepidocyclina ephicides, Spiroclypeus sp., Miogypsina sp., Marginopora vertebralis, Operculina sp., Globigerina tripartite Koch, Globigerinita altispira, Globorotalina mayeri Cushman and Ellisor, Globorotalia peripheronda, Globigerinoides immaturus, Globigerinoides sacculifer, Pre-Orbulina transitoria, Uvigerina sp., and Cassidulina sp. Fossils range Oligocene-Miocene Age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Teot – TABALAR Fm. Lower part consist of grey marl, sandstone, shale and intercalations of limestone and basal conglomerate. Upper part consists of dolomite and calcarenite and marl intercalations. Deposited in fluvial-shallow marine environment. Thickness is about 1000M. Eocene to Oligocene age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tes –SEMBAKUNG Fm. Claystone, siltstone and sandstone in the lower part. Quartz sandstone, sandy limestone, chert and tuff in the upper part. Contains fossils: Nummulites sp., Discocyclina sp. Operculina sp. Globigerina sp. Reusella sp. Nodosaria sp., Planulina sp., Amphistegina sp., and Borelis sp., Unit thickness up to 1000M. Deposited in marine environment. Eocene age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Kbs – BANGARA Fm. Alternations of metamorphic claystone, silicified claystone, black claystone and shale intercalated with laminated tuffs containing radiolaria. Flysch deposit.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tomi – INTRUSIVE ROCKS, Andesite, consisting of vitrophyre, prophyllitic andesite and pyroxene andesite lavas.</span></li>
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</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-13180801432506305312009-10-08T12:10:00.000+07:002009-11-03T18:23:59.953+07:00Geology of Lomblen Island, Indonesia<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Regional Geology and Stratigraphy</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Regional structure Lomblen Island include of Banda arc Volcanic belt, with structure terms as folding and faulting in NE-SW and SE-NW direction. The oldest rock formation is Kiro Formation (Tmk) in lower Miocene until upper Miocene. This formation consist of lava, breccias, agglomerate implied layered tuff. Kiro formation wedge with Nangapanda formation (Tmn) that consisted of sandy tuff, breccias tuff, and implied by limestone. Those old formation above were infiltrated by granodiorite (Tmd) in upper Miocene. When Pliocen-Plistocene there was volcanic activity such as lava, agglomerate, and tuff.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMvm3MOxMTqIv-D5qG_Fruo1XTafS0LQqzVx_Kot3whehvr8F2LJSF8gy0LTD4P3wvmlPWb0VkinKr-zhhvG4PT7vfv3xDp5LWKC8_bp1K6lOu9nDpHQcdggPOq7-L_9zMZek5dMVi7NI/s1600-h/lomben.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMvm3MOxMTqIv-D5qG_Fruo1XTafS0LQqzVx_Kot3whehvr8F2LJSF8gy0LTD4P3wvmlPWb0VkinKr-zhhvG4PT7vfv3xDp5LWKC8_bp1K6lOu9nDpHQcdggPOq7-L_9zMZek5dMVi7NI/s320/lomben.jpg" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Regional Stratigraphy of Lomblen Island (Noya, Y., and Suwarno, N., 1983)</span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Structure Characteristics</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">By regional investigation in field, map of topography and interpretation photograph air there are 2 especial structure direction that is: north-south direction and northeast-southwest direction. In this area (Atedai) there are 6 big structure they are lineament, volcano, cauldron, crater, caldera, slide and fault.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Lineament </span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">This lineament structure have the direction NW-SE. This structure is the oldest big structure estimated cut the basement. Alongside this lineament have emerged the volcano network, such as: Watulolo, Atolojo, Watukuba etc.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Cauldron (crater of Atolojo) </span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">This cauldron structure is the result of eruption mount Atolojo, which among other things yield fallout sediment of pyroclastic skoria andesitic. Cauldron diameter 750-1000 m encircling from NE till NW and open toward north.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Caldera Watukuba </span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">This structure is the result of eruption Watukuba yielding dusty sediment of pyroclastic. diameter of caldera Watukuba 2500 m encircle from north direction to west till easterly. In floor of caldera there are geothermal manifestation like hot ground and alteration.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Debris Avalanches/sliding of Wai Teba </span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">This structure represent the slide which have association with the weak area, form like horse poultice that opening eastwards of Watuwawer.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fault of Wai Kowan </span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fault structure have the direction NE-SW. Alongside this structure have attended the hot water source of Wai Kowan, hot ground of Koti and area of alteration Lowo Kebingin.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fault of Lewoderoma </span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">This structure have the direction NE-SW. As long as this structure have emerged the hot water source of Lewoderoma And hot water of Waiketi.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Geomorfology</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Regional area of research by Volcanology Department of Indonesia divided in 5 morphology region:</span><br />
<ol><li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Old volcanic </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mount Watuloko </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Mount Watukuba and Atalojo </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Debris Avalanches unit </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Plain morphology unit </span></li>
</ol><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">· Old volcanic </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Set of this distinguished by circular hilly. The relief is smooth until middle. Dale instruct north-south direction. River have parallel semi pattern and sentence sharply form in high stadium erosion. Set of this reside in north formed of old rock volcanic.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">· Mount Watuloko</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Set of this distinguished by topography form which harsh, precipitous level of inclination and erosion river deeply. Set of this take possession of the middle until north of investigation area limited of old morphology volcanic. Set of this built by lava andesitic which is generally escaped because fault.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">· Mount Watukuba and Atalojo</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Set of this show the very typical topography form that is volcano crater and caldera. There are a crater with the diameter 750-1000 m ( Mount Atalojo) and a caldera with the diameter 2500 m ( Mount Watukuba). Set of this morphology is formed by fallout of sediment of pyroclastic and lava. The river have pattern radial with the narrow tight dale pattern making dominant vertical erosion.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">· Debris Avalanches unit</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Set of this have the wavy topography form with middle of level inclination. Generally weak river stream and a little erosion. Set of this formed by rock from landslide.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">· Plain morphology unit</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Set of this located in coast environment formed by rock alluvial. Set of this distinguished by smooth topography.</span><br />
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</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-45391045101648077152009-10-08T10:34:00.000+07:002009-10-08T12:01:51.521+07:00Geothermal, Atadai East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia<span style="font-weight: bold;">Geological </span><br /><br />Based on geological surveys the area is mostly covered by the Quaternary andesitic volcanic rock, while those rocks are uncomfortably underlain by Tertiary basement rocks of Kiro and Nangapanda formations. Volcanic products include lavas, pyroclastics and lahars. From thin section in petrography observation shows that the volcanic rocks are andesine pyroxene composition. The volcanic products can be divided into two groups; the old volcanic and the young volcanic. The crop outs were founded at the northern and the southern part of the area with unknown eruption centers and forms a high dissected terrain. Also those were the forms cones at the central and eastern part of the area along the NNW-SSE trending volcanic lineament.<br /><br />The couple of NE-SW trending normal faults in this area recognized as Wolo Kebingin fault in the north and Mauraja fault in the south, these faults possibly control occurring thermal features in the area. There is also a major volcanic center known as Watuwawer caldera of about 2,5 km2 in diameter, located in the central part of the study area (Figure 4.1).<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFRvSGzhyekZGLbENv9WHnBgxi8g4IWw3fduc2d2Rd0Q8KkGG_ewVLNmBxnOkUzJHJ6aCUGaPC5hG-wgfTQaD4dwSrs9hhujpjwJDvmCrjQUMplTFV9j1LP0afeYy6ETw-vmOBr3gq648/s1600-h/geologi.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 350px; height: 268px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFRvSGzhyekZGLbENv9WHnBgxi8g4IWw3fduc2d2Rd0Q8KkGG_ewVLNmBxnOkUzJHJ6aCUGaPC5hG-wgfTQaD4dwSrs9hhujpjwJDvmCrjQUMplTFV9j1LP0afeYy6ETw-vmOBr3gq648/s320/geologi.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390068308002445986" border="0" /></a><br />Figure 4.1: Geological Map of Atadai Geothermal Area (Sundhoro, et al., 2003)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Geochemical </span><br /><br />Thermal features in Atadai geother¬mal area occur over an area about 25 km2 within the Watuwawer caldera, eastern and western flank of the volcanic lineaments. There are at least 9 locations of thermal features which are in an elevation between 170 m to 500 m above sea level. These include hot springs, fumaroles, steaming grounds/ hot grounds, and altered rocks. And then the flow rates of these hot springs are between 1 to 50 liter/minute. The temperature of six hot springs are up to 42 oC, however the temperature of three fumaroles and hot ground are up to 98 oC (Table. 4.1).<br /><br />No Location Manifestations Temp. (oC) pH Type of Fluid Remarks<br />1. Watuwawer (Koru Matek) Fumaroles, hot ground and altered rock 96 2-3 Sulphate Up Flow<br />2. Lowokebingin (Wai Kating) Fumaroles, hot ground and altered rock 98 2-3 Sulphate Up Flow<br />3. Lowokoba (W. Teba) Hot ground and altered rock 96 3 Sulphate Up Flow<br />4. Wae Kerata Hot Spring 40 6.8 Bi -Carbon¬ate Out Flow<br />5. Wae Tupat Kecil Hot Spring 40 7.6 Bi -Carbon¬ate Out Flow<br />6. Wae Kowan Hot Spring 40 6.8 Bi -Carbon¬ate Out Flow<br />7. Wae Tupat Hot Spring 35 7.2 Bi -Carbon¬ate Out Flow<br />8. Wae Keti / Lewogeroma Hot Spring 38 7.2 Bi -Carbon¬ate Out Flow<br />9. Wae Teba Hot Spring 42 6.5 Bi -Carbon¬ate Out Flow<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6JAr4gRrauLYZNEiTxudvepnoKIUmqPe3iNT3OiAesDI-MTIskbYTvp7jO32FYe0EiSJ1bKp_Ruzphoe1jJhd8gETPTGpXf2YqoyJlwM79kKZrVRzqmQ2do8z3aME-1YhgeDbG2cPPFA/s1600-h/chart.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 393px; height: 193px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6JAr4gRrauLYZNEiTxudvepnoKIUmqPe3iNT3OiAesDI-MTIskbYTvp7jO32FYe0EiSJ1bKp_Ruzphoe1jJhd8gETPTGpXf2YqoyJlwM79kKZrVRzqmQ2do8z3aME-1YhgeDbG2cPPFA/s320/chart.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390068716686545090" border="0" /></a><br />Table 4.1: The Thermal Features in Atadai, Lembata, East Nusa Tenggara<br /><br />Following the example of the hot water have been taken in order to be known the nature of physical and its chemistry. From chemical analysis result of example can be determinated hot water type in investigation area (Figure 4.2). According to diagram Cl-, S042= and HCO3 water in investigation area can become 2 system that is:<br /><br />1. Bicarbonate system<br />2. Sulphate system<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuToJ2wPjO5IMSJNzM1lFZnM30Kv9MkfoPtDTCSvjsq7v7DxJuPoBBQNGz_gn6NE8jTVIxiAXLm1h0j_7qBf63B-kUUOBgglyDYdUH4ZnXXYkUg4BLvBr6YM-rpe4Eeam7xvAQ7srwKe4/s1600-h/segitiga.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 382px; height: 211px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuToJ2wPjO5IMSJNzM1lFZnM30Kv9MkfoPtDTCSvjsq7v7DxJuPoBBQNGz_gn6NE8jTVIxiAXLm1h0j_7qBf63B-kUUOBgglyDYdUH4ZnXXYkUg4BLvBr6YM-rpe4Eeam7xvAQ7srwKe4/s320/segitiga.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390069210436407938" border="0" /></a><br />Figure 4.2: Types of Water in Atadai Geothermal Area (suparman, et al., 1997)<br /><br />The first system and the second ones show out flow system and the up flow system. Both of the hot water system supposed have been contaminated by meteoric water. Quantitatively, temperature of under surface was determined with a few method such as: silica method, method Na-K, and method of gas (methane and ammonia). The Result of temperature measurement of under surface with the silica method ( SiO2) show the temperature between 129-147 oC, while using method Na/K relative more higher (> 300oC), with the method of gas show the temperature between 178-221oC.<br /><br />Considering that the geothermometer Na/K higher level than the other, water type dominant is bicarbonate with the surface temperature 40oC. It is included in enthalpy intermediate (125-225oC). Hence temperature of under surface was used from geothermometer SiO2 as minimum temperature (129oC) and maximum temperature from geothermometer gas ( 221oC).<br /><br />There are also surface alteration of advanced argillic type. Clay minerals present in both the active thermal features area of Watuwawer and Lowokebingin. Minerals are predominantly: Kaolin, Halloysite, Smectite and Alunite. However Phyrophillite and Dickite are also present, which probably represent the high temperature of clay minerals in the acidic condition.<br /><br />The high contour values of soil mercury is concentrated around Lowo Kebingin, Lowokoba and Watuwawer hot springs, where the maximum concentration of Hg are up to 2566, 564 and 330 ppb. The high values of soil gas CO2 is 6,76 %, It is also concentrated around the active geothermal manifestation of Watuwawer (Figure 4.3 and 4.4).<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5jYvHteFLQmPQ_ZEPi1SDYY0GzFistZPZMxejiMRMEbUxwjfEtivyqf_I0n4u-iRLT5TGh37r4bJ-VRxkQfZYB0SudlYtJqGBUqaHJz-bg36fxP9DONVKqYb2w28RLi_3OR429W87_Wc/s1600-h/soil.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 349px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5jYvHteFLQmPQ_ZEPi1SDYY0GzFistZPZMxejiMRMEbUxwjfEtivyqf_I0n4u-iRLT5TGh37r4bJ-VRxkQfZYB0SudlYtJqGBUqaHJz-bg36fxP9DONVKqYb2w28RLi_3OR429W87_Wc/s320/soil.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390069748080761314" border="0" /></a><br />Figure 4.3: Soil Mercury in Atadai Geothermal Area (Suparman, et al., 1997)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_AsiQ60fsFx4v2mmVZFWgL9PlnFyk8knClJpS9ybMH0exH4GRYA1CkAqolhgLG8JzqOqhIUYQevV72NhdST9h0citjQiV0c3VzSr_rJOZIXao7di5Sn713Tveix96E7YYa7vzyk9BvUc/s1600-h/co2.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 329px; height: 233px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_AsiQ60fsFx4v2mmVZFWgL9PlnFyk8knClJpS9ybMH0exH4GRYA1CkAqolhgLG8JzqOqhIUYQevV72NhdST9h0citjQiV0c3VzSr_rJOZIXao7di5Sn713Tveix96E7YYa7vzyk9BvUc/s320/co2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390069752835609330" border="0" /></a><br />Figure 4.4: Distribution of CO2 in Atadai Geothermal Area (Suparman, et al., 1997)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Geophysical</span><br /><br />To get more interpretation about depth investigation then Volcanology Department of Indonesia used Schlumberger geoelectrical method. From this method gained more information of lateral and vertical distributions using resistivity data. Resistivity data indicated that low resistivity zones which represent argillic alterations about 15 km. The lateral of the low resistivity boundaries (below 10 Ohm-m) are related with the active thermal features areas, such as: Watuwawer and Lowokebingin. The resistivity boundaries which represent a prospect area covers at least 7 km2 area. The vertical sounding data shows that the thickness of conductive layers which represent the clay cap of the Atadai geothermal system are estimated between 500 m to 600 m depth of the bottom surface. The models of geothermal system have been made by geophysical team member of Volcanology Department of Indonesia on period 1997-2000 (Figure 4.2 and 4.3).<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcHW2ZCK5d4kMe_ETX_ZNtH1g8XPUhEN84lsMt2UniWJFx4WhqHkDaw5riKYY4E9R03n-p6nnQaTlCCZ7-93XASnvIiJbjNtoKs_ZCJqY89V3b72ZbFOeG0wm6_TLQzrvaRZdJM39WHu8/s1600-h/apparent.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 370px; height: 218px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcHW2ZCK5d4kMe_ETX_ZNtH1g8XPUhEN84lsMt2UniWJFx4WhqHkDaw5riKYY4E9R03n-p6nnQaTlCCZ7-93XASnvIiJbjNtoKs_ZCJqY89V3b72ZbFOeG0wm6_TLQzrvaRZdJM39WHu8/s320/apparent.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390072261968779842" border="0" /></a><br />Figure 4.5: Apparent Resistivity Map of Atadai Geothermal Area (Sundhoro, et al., 2003)<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY9XkJsBfQRMPEiX4Tn1qMzjHm49BagpAM7JRx1VQ7IO5TqhlY5T_0ItxTrQOF1vmkOMQy2gNFRoAsWoZC_epTfherIQLLTsRvbKhqQFfZdMqpG1bfmFSGVlLMOx3qmKGxMEajK-kiKKM/s1600-h/penampang.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 386px; height: 232px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgY9XkJsBfQRMPEiX4Tn1qMzjHm49BagpAM7JRx1VQ7IO5TqhlY5T_0ItxTrQOF1vmkOMQy2gNFRoAsWoZC_epTfherIQLLTsRvbKhqQFfZdMqpG1bfmFSGVlLMOx3qmKGxMEajK-kiKKM/s320/penampang.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390069766293900882" border="0" /></a><br />Figure 4.6: Apparent Resistivity Cross Section of Atadai (Sundhoro, et al., 2003)<br /><br />The tentative model of the Atadai geothermal area is shown in Figure 4.4. It is looks that in the active geothermal manifestations strictly an up-flow system with elevation are between 300 to 500 m above sea level. Whereas out flow geothermal system is manifested by the hot springs, which are situated in the flank of caldera Watuwawer with the elevation are between 170 to 250 m above sea level.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIgaTsRbwCwAx0i8u8-Vu4IiEwih9YkllBDjNg1XPm2qPSzLQOeL_Z6mEpAjm3Wn-UC5_w60UNutmmcTH2t6bbtPaoLtHF0UgTi-la1OczqLG5hXXg5M7YhxSiS5fQ4cLWtgkAuPEjsi8/s1600-h/model.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 391px; height: 244px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIgaTsRbwCwAx0i8u8-Vu4IiEwih9YkllBDjNg1XPm2qPSzLQOeL_Z6mEpAjm3Wn-UC5_w60UNutmmcTH2t6bbtPaoLtHF0UgTi-la1OczqLG5hXXg5M7YhxSiS5fQ4cLWtgkAuPEjsi8/s320/model.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390069758906732082" border="0" /></a><br />Figure 4.7: Tentative Geothermal Model of Atadai Geothermal Area (Sundhoro, et al., 2003)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prospects Areas</span><br /><br />The prospect area in Atadai is decided from the result of the geological, geochemical and geophysical surveys, such as: thermal features of hot springs, fumaroles, steaming grounds/ hot grounds, altered rocks, the resistivity boundaries, the high contour values of soil mercury and soil gas CO2, and also the structure geology of Watuwawer caldera. The structure of the cones at the central and eastern part of area, the NNW-SSE trend volcanic lineament, and the couple of NE-SW trending normal faults of Lowo Kebingin fault in the north and Mauraja fault in the south are dominantly controlling the prospect area (Figure 4.5).<br />Base on the prospect area of about 7-8 km2, than the estimated of the potential energy in Atadai geothermal area is about 22 Mwe. The estimation of geothermal energy in Atadai area are:<br /><br />1. Watuwawer = 21.347 MWe<br />2. Wolokebingin = 1.187 MWe<br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrYBFl2NyYOEF89Dp11XHYXl5LRSZCn4CM2AuREY9DMYRQqSKEu7iw2Hd-WqHCzgpWPqbB-_ZpkL0JHK6gWnvW-wBvJSjnwHyRkOkJD_7HVWyDu6NStLoObIjJPGihtosYsXu_Sj4z_3I/s1600-h/prospek.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer; width: 394px; height: 223px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrYBFl2NyYOEF89Dp11XHYXl5LRSZCn4CM2AuREY9DMYRQqSKEu7iw2Hd-WqHCzgpWPqbB-_ZpkL0JHK6gWnvW-wBvJSjnwHyRkOkJD_7HVWyDu6NStLoObIjJPGihtosYsXu_Sj4z_3I/s320/prospek.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390069774616567442" border="0" /></a><br />Figure 4.8: The Prospect Area of Atadai Geothermal Area (Sundhoro, et al., 2003)<br /><br />Based on those data, concluded that the prospect area in Atadai covers into Watuwawer and Lowo Kebingin, which both of the areas are situated in the nearby of the surface manifestations. Comparing between these prospect area indicate that Watuwawer is the most attractively exposure up of thermal features rather than in the Lowo Kebingin. The surface terrain of both prospect area are very different, Lowokebingin lies in the medium to the high steeply valley, whereas Watuwawer lies in the flat area. It forms a high dissected terrain on the floor of the Watuwawer caldera and it is also boundaried by caldera rim.Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-27447448773795520922009-10-07T22:24:00.001+07:002009-11-03T18:43:07.506+07:00Sikuai Island, West Sumatra Indonesia<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br />
</span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGQQbE7eajQI6Qlhc1iF_D_U42-SLOtibiv_NgydsgyPPvFQ0SXUwLzEfbj3CcUMnHs6IQDgiYNp0nohvrBmgLxcdurdKkEcpFCJ218XQVSm2UyGld5eIRzz8m8qHF1ZSXzEaQxhP55x0/s1600-h/pulau.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGQQbE7eajQI6Qlhc1iF_D_U42-SLOtibiv_NgydsgyPPvFQ0SXUwLzEfbj3CcUMnHs6IQDgiYNp0nohvrBmgLxcdurdKkEcpFCJ218XQVSm2UyGld5eIRzz8m8qHF1ZSXzEaQxhP55x0/s320/pulau.jpg" /></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sikuai Island, there is beautiful and sophisticated island in west Sumatra Indonesia, named Sikuai. A private island which shines like a pearl, in a beautiful white sand beach. There you can find tropical weather all year long with white sand beach just a walk away, while exotic wave may excite those who craves for splashing experince. In the island, you can find natural tropical forest providing astounding atmosphere. With a total area no less than 44.4 ha, integrated with 25 cottages, restaurant, conference hall, swimming pool and jogging track surrounding the island, are you ready to be pampered with exotic natural experience.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo4ScK4zd36EACJfPe-B7YhHojFZlhiM5lKRPQrmcn74yke5LeWoqtDT-LE-oH9r8AY0afz49elRh8-jgSCmJ5RkqiDlJ9PXjHIQW25NjoCoYyqFDd93SeP_i1tr-609oJFKc6yJrIomI/s1600-h/cottages.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo4ScK4zd36EACJfPe-B7YhHojFZlhiM5lKRPQrmcn74yke5LeWoqtDT-LE-oH9r8AY0afz49elRh8-jgSCmJ5RkqiDlJ9PXjHIQW25NjoCoYyqFDd93SeP_i1tr-609oJFKc6yJrIomI/s320/cottages.jpg" /></a></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sikuai Island Package:</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">1. One day tour</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">2. Meeting package</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">3. Diving package</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">4. Fishing package</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">5. Honeymooners package</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Other activity:</span><br />
</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">1. Banana boat </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">2. Diving </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">3. Canoing</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">4. Snorkeling</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">5. Jogging track</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">6. Sunset plaza</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcSHxNnK9AFQjNTOuerxJXPBVCcHbQuZAtLEKjJxcHwP2xWgSusLNZBrHXb6MPj_xXMwU987e8U4J6mapOFcwjKuNBGFrAxHDhPHSthswRFpl_sNRw_JyIL2q-8V95FeZ9UH6eD75yEdA/s1600-h/pantai.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcSHxNnK9AFQjNTOuerxJXPBVCcHbQuZAtLEKjJxcHwP2xWgSusLNZBrHXb6MPj_xXMwU987e8U4J6mapOFcwjKuNBGFrAxHDhPHSthswRFpl_sNRw_JyIL2q-8V95FeZ9UH6eD75yEdA/s320/pantai.jpg" /></a></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">The facilities</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">A. Room services : 54 room available + single/double bed, bathroom with shower, TV, refrigerator, AC, fresh fruits, private balcony</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">B. Sikuai area facilities: restaurant, meeting room, mushalla, sunset plaza, pub/karaoke, laundry service, swimming pool, billiard, live music, fun bicycle, volley ball area, boat transfer.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Port where boat transfer to Sikuai Island from Sumatra Island:</span><br />
</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Contact Address: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.newsikuaiisland.com%20/">Dermaga wisata bahari </a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Batang arau west sumatera Indonesia</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Telp (0751) 24880 Fax (0751) 24890</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">Boat schedule: </span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">· Dermaga wisata bahari – Sikuai = 10.00 & 14.00 wib (check in)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: small;">· Sikuai - Dermaga wisata bahari = 11.00 & 16.00 wib (check out)</span><br />
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</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-84705550483669664752009-10-07T17:54:00.000+07:002009-10-07T17:55:17.293+07:00TITIK HITAM DI ATAS KERTAS PUTIH...<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><link rel="themeData" 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</style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >Bertahun-tahun yang lalu hingga sekitar beberapa bulan yang lalu, terus terang saya menjadi seorang yang merasa kehidupan dunia ini datar-datar saja, tidak ada yang istimewa dan layak disyukuri. Bagi saya saat tidurlah suatu kebahagiaan terindah. Entahlah, saya begitu menyesal atas apa yang saya miliki, istri, pekerjaan, kehidupan, kemampuan serta fisik yang saya miliki sepertinya tidak sesuai harapan. Saya selalu merasa menjadi orang yang <b>KEKURANGAN </b>di dunia ini. Semakin kuat saya berusaha untuk merubah keadaan, yang saya terima adalah semakin banyak kekecewaan. Saya tidak tahu harus memulai dari mana, hingga suatu saat seorang <i>sahabat</i> memberikan suatu nasehat yang sungguh luar biasa dan memberikan suatu gambaran utuh tentang sebuah arti syukur dalam kehidupan. Di suatu tempat aku dan sahabatku berbincang-bincang :</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
<br />
<br />Ya...aku mengerti apa yang kau alami, tidak hanya kamu akupun sendiri pernah mengalami dan mungkin banyak orang lainnya, sekarang aku akan ambil satu kertas putih kosong dan aku tunjukkan padamu, apa yang kamu lihat ?, ucap sahabatku.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
<br />
<br />Aku tidak melihat apa-apa semuanya putih, jawabku lirih.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
<br />
<br />Sambil mengambil spidol hitam dan membuat satu titik ditengah kertasnya, sahabatku berkata "Nah..sekarang aku telah beri sebuah titik hitam diatas kertas itu, sekarang gambar apa yang kamu lihat?". <b>
<br />
<br />"Aku melihat satu titik hitam",</b> jawabku cepat.
<br />
<br />"Pastikan lagi !", timpal sahabatku. <b>
<br />
<br />"titik hitam",</b> jawabku dengan yakin.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
<br />
<br />"Sekarang aku tahu penyebab masalahmu. Kenapa engkau hanya melihat satu titik hitam saja dari kertas tadi? cobalah rubah sudut pandangmu, menurutku yang kulihat bukan titik hitam tapi tetap sebuah kertas putih meski ada satu noda didalamnya, <b>aku melihat lebih banyak warna putih dari kertas tersebut sedangkan kenapa engkau hanya melihat hitamnya saja dan itu pun hanya setitik</b> ?". Jawab Sahabatku dengan lantang,
<br />
<br />"Sekarang mengertikah kamu ?, Dalam hidup, bahagia atau tidaknya hidupmu tergantung dari sudut pandangmu memandang hidup itu sendiri, jika engkau selalu melihat titik hitam tadi yang bisa diartikan kekecewaan, kekurangan dan keburukan dalam hidup maka hal-hal itulah yang akan selalu hinggap dan menemani dalam hidupmu".</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
<br />
<br />"Cobalah fahami, bukankah disekelilingmu penuh dengan warna putih, yang artinya begitu banyak anugerah yang telah diberikan oleh Tuhan kepada kamu, kamu masih bisa melihat, mendengar, membaca, berjalan, fisik yang utuh dan sehat, anak yang lucu-lucu dan begitu banyak kebaikan dari istrimu daripada kekurangannya, berapa banyak suami-suami yang kehilangan istrinya ?, Juga begitu banyak kebaikan dari pekerjaanmu dilain sisi banyak orang yang antri dan menderita karena mencari pekerjaan. Begitu banyak orang yang lebih miskin bahkan lebih kekurangan daripada kamu, kamu masih memiliki rumah untuk berteduh, aset sebagai simpananmu di hari tua, tabungan , asuransi dan teman-teman yang baik yang selalu mendukungmu. Kenapa engkau selalu melihat sebuah titik hitam saja dalam hidupmu ?" dan juga........ ......... .</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
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<br />Itulah kamu, betapa mudahnya melihat keburukan orang lain, padahal begitu banyak hal baik yang telah diberikan orang lain kepada kamu.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
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<br />Itulah kamu, betapa mudahnya melihat kesalahan dan kekurangan orang lain, sedangkan kamu lupa kelemahan dan kekurangan diri kamu..</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
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<br />Itulah kamu, betapa mudahnya kamu menyalahkan dan mengingkari- Nya atas kesusahan hidupmu, padahal begitu besar anugerah dan karunia yang telah diberikan oleh-Nya dalam hidupmu.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
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<br />Itulah kamu betapa mudahnya menyesali hidup kamu padahal banyak kebahagiaan telah diciptakan untuk kamu dan menanti kamu<b>
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<br />"Mengapa kamu hanya melihat satu titik hitam pada kertas ini? PADAHAL SEBAGIAN KERTAS INI BERWARNA PUTIH ?, </b>sekarang mengetikah engkau<b> ?</b> ", ucap sahabatku sambil pergi (entah kemana).</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
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<br />"Ya aku mengerti", ucapku lirih.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" >
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<br />Kertas itu aku ambil, aku buatkan satu pigora indah dan aku gantung di dinding rumahku. Bukan untuk SESEMBAHAN bagiku tapi sebagai <b>PENGINGAT</b> dikala lupa,..lupa. ..bahwa begitu banyak warna putih di hidupku daripada sebuah titik hitam. Sejak itu aku mencintai HIDUP ini. Bisa Hidup adalah suatu anugerah yang paling besar yang diberikan kepada kita oleh Perekayasa Agung... Aku tidak akan </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:7.5pt;" >menyia-nyiakannya. Pak Mariopun juga pernah berpesan kepadaku :</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
<br /></span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;color:green;" >
<br />Kadang-kadang Tuhan menaruh kita pada tempat yang sulit supaya kita tahu dan menyadari bahwa tidak ada yang sulit bagi Tuhan</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
<br /></span><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;color:green;" >
<br />Temukan cara bersyukur akan masalah-masalahmu dan semua itu akan menjadi</span></b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;color:green;" >
<br />berkah bagimu ...</span></b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;color:green;" >
<br />Rasa syukur dapat mengubah hal yang negatif menjadi positif ...</span></b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
<br /></span><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:7.5pt;color:green;" >
<br />AKU TAK SELALU MENDAPATKAN APA YANG KUSUKAI </span><i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;color:navy;" >oleh karena itu</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;color:green;" > </span></i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:7.5pt;color:green;" > AKU SELALU</span></b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" > </span><b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:7.5pt;color:green;" >
<br />MENYUKAI APAPUN YANG AKU DAPATKAN.............</span></b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
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<br /><!--[endif]--></span>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-69450541118439982012009-10-07T17:27:00.000+07:002009-10-07T17:49:51.663+07:00Food Map JakartaA. BUBUR AYAM<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Cikini, depan KFC (malam)<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Hotel Indonesia (malam)<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Jl. Tanjung, Menteng<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Cideng, Ps. Cideng Tanah Abang (malam)<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Sukabumi, Tebet<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Senayan: yang enak yang di depan Istora, mobil Ijo (Minggu pagi) adanya pagi doank pas Lari pagi hari minggu<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Sukabumi, Jl. Radio Dalam, pas tikungan kalo malem Sabtu & Minggu banyak anak-anak bubaran Cafe nongkrong di sana<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam depan RS Pondok Indah (pagi)<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Sawangan, depan Polsek Sawangan, Cinere (pagi)<br /><br />- Bubur Ayam Barito, setelah RS Bersalin Bunda, sebelah kuburan<br /><br />- Bubur Olimo / Bubur Hostes, di jalan Hayam Wuruk, setelah jalan Mangga Besar, bisa makan pake B2 merah putih atau goh yong<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= =====<br /><br />B. NASI GORENG<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Kambing Kebon Sirih (malam)<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Jl. Lembang, Menteng: jangan salah pilih cari yang rame<br /><br />dikunjungi orang<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Jl. Lombok, Menteng<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Sosis, seberang Lippo Menteng depan ex Nanaban Tei<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Sea Food Cikini, dekat KFC<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Kambing Bakti, dekat Senopati, masuk dari Pom Bensin<br /><br />Senopati, Nasi Goreng Kambing + Pete<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Pekalongan/Pondok Labu, Jl. Fatmawati, Pondok Labu,<br /><br />depannya ex. Circle K<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Jl. Daksa: tau deh sekarang masih buka apa ngga...?<br /><br />- Nasi Goreng Kambing Sabang<br /><br />- NASI GORENG NGK (Nasi Goreng Kambing) Bumen Jaya, di Penjernihan<br /><br />jual juga nasi goreng ayam, ada juga mie rebus<br /><br />- NGK (Nasi Goreng Kepiting) Rumah Makan Mandala, di Santa atau<br /><br />Pasar Mayestik<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />C. NASI UDUK / WARTEG<br /><br />- Nasi Uduk Mas Miskun, Jl. Kramat Raya, dekat Hotel Acacia<br /><br />- Nasi Uduk Gondangdia, di bawahnya Fly Over Kereta Jl. Gondangdia Lama<br /><br />- Nasi Uduk Babe Saman, Jl. Kebon Kacang II, kalau nggak salah<br /><br />- Nasi Uduk Rawa Mangun, dekat Terminal Rawamangun<br /><br />- Nasi Uduk Spesial Jl. Kali Malang, deket terminal, dekat perempatan Jati Bening<br /><br />- Warteg Warmo, Tebet: setiap orang pasti tahu<br /><br />- Nasi Uduk Dikun, depan Komp. Pertanian, Ps. Minggu<br /><br />- Warteg Setia, Jl. Fatmawati, depan Ps. Mede: tempat makan selebriti<br /><br />- Nasi Uduk Pasar Cikini<br /><br />- Nasi Uduk Pasar Gang Kenari<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br /><br />D. BAKMI / BAKSO / YAMIN<br /><br />- Mie Yamin/Bakmi Udin, Jl. Besuki, deket SD Besuki, Menteng<br /><br />- Bakso / Mie Bakso Jl. Tanjung<br /><br />- Mie Ayam Gang Kelinci: katanya sih yang enak di Gang Kelinci Ps. Baru<br /><br />- Mie Ayam Gajah Mada, Jan ditanya, enak, lokasi banyak<br /><br />- Bakmi Ps. Cikini<br /><br />- Bakso Komplek IKJ, deket Bioskop 21: tongkrongannya anak-anak IKJ<br /><br />- Bakso / Siomay LIA Pramuka<br /><br />- Bakso Matraman, di Jl. Matraman Raya, sebelahnya SD Marsudirini Es Durennya ennak tennan....<br /><br />- Mie deket gereja, depan PARKIT, Sabang<br /><br />- Bakmi Tropik, Ambassador Mall, Jl. Casablanca<br /><br />- Mie Lomie, Karet: awas ada Babi-nya<br /><br />- Baso Lapangan Tembak, Senayan<br /><br />- Mie Ayam Buncit, di Jl. Warung Buncit<br /><br />- Mie Engkoh, depan Komp. Pertanian Ps. Minggu<br /><br />- Bakso Titoti, dari Pancoran kira2 400m dari Goro sebelah kiri jalan<br /><br />- Bakmi Boy, Ps. Mayestik, Jl. Cikajang<br /><br />- Bakso Bola Tenis, dekat Lapangan Blok S (malam)<br /><br />- Bakso/Siomay Blok S, depannya RS Kebayoran: eh..Es Podengnya enak juga<br /><br />- Bakmi Pangsit depan RSB Asih, Melawai (BARU)<br /><br />- Bakmi Permata, Permata Hijau, dekat Tops Supermarket<br /><br />- Cwie Mie Malang (HCM) di Arteri Simatupang, KTS & Arteri Pondok Indah (depan Pom Bensin)<br /><br />- Baso Tirta Marta Pondok Indah, depannya Sekolah Tirta Marta: Mie Ayam dpn gardu juga enak<br /><br />- Mie Yamin Tri-M Pondok Indah, pdi pertokoan dekat Ora et Labora PI, tetanggaan ama Sate Tri-M<br /><br />- Bakmi Villa, belakang Villa Cinere Mas, Jl. Karang Tengah, Cinere<br /><br />- Somay Bulungan, depan GOR Bulungan<br /><br />- Somay Dorongan Borobudur, Langganannya anak Delta & DivTek kalo sore<br /><br />- Baso/Somay Johni, di Pondok Indah, belakang rumah sakit pondok indah<br /><br />- Mie Ayam Gang Kelinci, katanya sih yang enak di Gang Kelinci Pasar Baru bisa pesan pake B2 (non halal)<br /><br />- Mie Ayam Gondangdia, setelah jalan kereta api, sebelah kiri<br /><br />- Kwetiau sapi radio dalam, kalo dari arah Blok M menuju Pondok Indah, sebelum showroom Golden Gate, kayak Phoa Hoa, tapi harga pinggir jalan.<br /><br />- Kwetiau Jangkung, di jalan Hayam Wuruk, setelah Holland Bakery<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />E. AYAM GORENG / BAKAR<br /><br />- Ayam Goreng Pemuda, Jl. Surabaya, Menteng; Casblanca<br /><br />- Ayam Bakar Menteng, seberang Menteng Plaza<br /><br />- Pecel Ayam Bu Bambang, Ps. Benhil<br /><br />- Ayam Bakar Jl. Denpasar, Kuningan, dari Casablanca sebelah kanan<br /><br />- Ayam Tulang Lunak kremes WANWIN CORNER, FC.Menara Jamsostek,<br /><br />FC.Depdiknas, FC. Plaza bank permata, FC.Bank Indonesia, FC.Citra Graha,<br /><br />FC.Dept.kesehatan, FC.Dinas Koperasi UKM DKI, FC.Jamsostek Pusat,<br /><br />FC.Depbudpar, FC.Depsos ( FC= food court di perkantoran/ BUMN/departemen ),<br /><br />sayangnya cuma khusus makan siang doang untuk orang kantoran . . . . . . . . . .<br /><br />tapi lunaknya tulang ayam meresap sampai ke hati . . . . . . ph. 021 - 6848 6000<br /><br />- Ayam Berkah, Blok M belakangnya SMP 56: yang enak yang tenda kuning, sambelnya mantap...<br /><br />- Ayam Taliwang, Tebet; Jl Wolter Monginsidi; Jl. P. Polim samping Apotik Jaya<br /><br />- Ayam Bakar SoGO (Somay Gope), dari arah Halim Bekasi, sebelum Hero Kalimalang, kiri<br /><br />- Ayam bakar di bunderan Blok M Plaza, sore sampe malam.<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />F. SEA FOOD<br /><br />- Sea Food Rawamangun, deket Ps. Rawamangun<br /><br />- Sea Food 99, Kp. Melayu, dekat RS Mitra Keluarga<br /><br />- Ikan Tude, Jl. Blora<br /><br />- Sea Food di Pertokoan Bintaro Sektor 9, belakang Mc Donald Sektor 9<br /><br />- Sea Food depannya Bunderan PSKD IV Blok M<br /><br />- Sea Food Baruna, pojokan depannya Balemang Caf鼢r><br /><br />- Sea Food Muara Angke: bisa beli Ikan (milih sendiri) dan minta bakarin disana<br /><br />- Pasir Putih, kalo ini sih sekalian manda di Caf鼢r><br /><br />- Sea Food 48 di Fatmawati, depan Jayakarta Ban, dekat perempatan lampu merah TB Simatupang, adanya sore sampe malem aja... cumi bakarnya enaak....<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />G. SATE<br /><br />- Sate Kambing Jalan Karawang (makan siang)<br /><br />- Sate Ayam bunderan Kolam Lembang<br /><br />- Sate Kambing pojokan jalan Sabang, depan kantor Polisi: ngantri selalu<br /><br />- Sate Jalan Sabang, sepanjang Jalan Sabang<br /><br />- Sate Kambing Ny. Semarang, Megaria/Metropole<br /><br />- Sate Kambing Jono, Jl. Pejompongan<br /><br />- Sate Pancoran, Jl Raya Ps. Minggu, deketnya ILP<br /><br />- Sate Kambing Bu Yanti, Duren Tiga<br /><br />- Sate Blok S, tetanggaan ama Baso Blok S, depan RS Kebayoran<br /><br />- Sate Cikajang, Ps. Santa<br /><br />- Sate Apotik Jaya, Panglima Polim<br /><br />- Sate Ayam Jl. Samba<br /><br />- Sate Ayam depan RS Pertamina: uenakk!<br /><br />- Sate Hadori, Jl. Bangka, cabangnya Bandung: katanyaJ<br /><br />- Sate Ayam di pertokoan Pondok Indah Plaza, dekat Mc Donald Pondok Indah Plaza (malam)<br /><br />- Sate Tri-M Pondok Indah, di pertokoan deket Ora et Labora Pondok Indah (siang)<br /><br />- Sate Kambing Pak Haji Jl. Karang Tengah, dekat perempatan Lb. Bulus (Hero Lb. Bulus) Kr.Tengah<br /><br />- Sate Ayam Santa, di seberang Pizza Hut Santa, sebelum Rumah Makan Mandala, sebelah kiri jalan satenya gede gede, satu porsi pasti kenyang sekali.<br /><br />- Sate Kambing Jono, Jl. Pejernihan satenya gede gede, apalagi hati, wah, enak, jangan kebanyakan bisa naik kolesterol juga ada gule / tongseng<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />H. STEAK<br /><br />- Steak Cemara Art & Curio, Jl. Cemara<br /><br />- Steak di dalam pelataran Komplek Taman Ismail Marzuki IKJ<br /><br />- Steak 41, Jl Tendean, sebelahnya Golden Truly<br /><br />- Steak Rollies, di Kampung Tenda Semanggi: Chicken Steak nya enak, murah lagi<br /><br />- Bebek Balap, di Tenda Bis Tingkat Semanggi<br /><br />- Steak AG Blok S, sebelahnya baso, somay Blok S<br /><br />- ABUBA (Abu Bakar), Cipete: awas banyak asep!<br /><br />- Kemang Steak, Jl. H. Nawi<br /><br />- Sizzler<br /><br />- Tony Romas<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />I. GULAI / TONGSENG<br /><br />- Deketnya Mesjid Sunda Kelapa<br /><br />- Sepanjang Jalan Karawang<br /><br />- Jl. Mendut, deketnya Prambors, pas tikungan deket KONTRAS<br /><br />- GULTIK (Gule Tikungan): ada yang bilang Gule Tikus.....hiiii: -)<br /><br />- Sepanjang Bunderan Bulungan Blok M, awas banyak Pe*%#K- nya<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />J. SOTO / SOP<br /><br />- Sop Buntut, deketnya Mesjid Cut Mutiah, siang doank, kadang-kadang jam 13.00 udah abis<br /><br />- Soto Mie Jl. Cilacap, Menteng<br /><br />- Soto Mie YPK, depan RSB YPK, Jl. Gereja Theresia<br /><br />- M. Soleh Kumis 999, Jalan Blora<br /><br />- Soto Madura Ps. Baru, di pojokan seberang jalannya Mesjid Istiqlal<br /><br />- Soto Mie Jl. Lautze, Ps. Baru<br /><br />- Soto Madura Gubeng, Jl. Juanda, Sebelah Bank Mandiri (d/h Bank Exim)<br /><br />- Sop Buntut-nya Hotel Borobudur<br /><br />- Coto Makassar Kelapa Gading, Jl. Boulevard<br /><br />- Soto Betawi, tembusannya jalan Minangkabau<br /><br />- Soto Bang Husein Jl. Minangkabau dekat Dop mobil<br /><br />- Soto Gebrak, di Lapangan Ros Tebet, yang enak pas tikungan, deketnya tukang Ban<br /><br />- Sop Konro, Makasar, di Jl. Lap Ros Tebet, awas ngantri<br /><br />- Sop Kambing Irwan, seberang RSB Asih, Melawai<br /><br />- Soto Kudus Blok A<br /><br />- Soto Ayam UKI Cawang letaknya di tengah lapang, agak terperosok ke dalam<br /><br />- Soto/Sop Ayam By Pass, di prempatan depannya Samsat Cipinang, yang ke arah tembusan Otista, sebelah kiri setelah lampu merah<br /><br />- Soto Ayam Ambengan Surabaya, Jl. Walter Monginsidi<br /><br />- Soto Kudus Blok M, Jl. Radio Dalam<br /><br />- Soto Kudus, Deketnya Sekolah Muhammadyah 3<br /><br />- Soto Mie Jl. Cilacap, disebelah U Bung Karno<br /><br />- Soto Mie Pejompongan / Penjernihan (dekat lapangan Merah)<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />K. JAWA / SUNDA<br /><br />- Pecel Lele, Jl. Juanda depan Bank DKI<br /><br />- Dapsun (Dapur Sunda), (1) Jl Cipete 200m dari Golden Truly; (2) Jl. Gatot Subroto ex MBAU<br /><br />- Dapur Sunda Laksana, sebelah Bakmie GM Melawai<br /><br />- Gudeg di dalam Ps. Cikini<br /><br />- Gudeg Mbak Trie, depannya Lintas Melawai Club<br /><br />- Gudeg Lesehan Blok M, deketnya 5 a sec Blok M, Jl. Panglima Polim<br /><br />- Gudeg Lesehan deketnya Hotel Melawai: Sorry disini juga banyak PE..*#%..K nya<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />L. SUMATERA<br /><br />- Jalan Kramat deket Fly Over Senen, aneka masakan Padang di jual disana<br /><br />- Sate Padang depan supermarket Tip Top, Rawamangun<br /><br />- Sate Padang seberang Lippo Menteng<br /><br />- Sate Padang Goyang Lidah depan Cinere Mall<br /><br />- Sate Padang Mak Syukur, Food Court Pasaraya Blok M<br /><br />- Sate Padang, Plaza Pondok Indah, yang jualan Bo'ong kebanyakan udah bukan orang Padang lagi<br /><br />- Soto Padang Jl. Pintu Air, Ps. Baru<br /><br />- Restoran Aceh di Ps. Baru, deketnya Antara: Masakannya dicampur pake rempah-rempah, termasuk Ganja, tapi ueenaakk<br /><br />- Rumah Makan Medan Jaya, Gule Kepala Ikan sama Asam: ganja (?) nya Ok banget<br /><br />- Ayam Pop RM Sederhana: paling enak sih yang di Sabang<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />M. ASIA<br /><br /><br />- Lemon Grass (Le Meridien) offers an all Asian menu<br /><br />- Asiatique (The Regent) has the best Asian fusion<br /><br />- Curry likers will love Hazara and Shah Jahan (Sahid Jaya Hotel)<br /><br /><br />CHINESE<br /><br />For classic Cantonese cuisine eaten in luxury, try:<br /><br />- Pagoda Restaurant (Dusit Mangga Dua),<br /><br />- Dragon Court (Sheraton Media),<br /><br />- Remaja (Chineese), Komp. Mal Kelapa Gading<br /><br />- Hua Ting (Millenium Sirih Jakarta),<br /><br />- Shang Palace (Shangrila Hotel),<br /><br />- Samudra Shark's Fin (Hotel Mulia),<br /><br />- Crystal Jade Palace Int'l (Wisma BNI 46), Teratai (Borobudur),<br /><br />- Lotus Court (Hotel Omni Batavia)<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Szechuan lovers will want to go to :</span><br /><br />- Xin Hwa (Mandarin Oriental)<br /><br />- T'ang (Aston Atrium)<br /><br />- Tien Chao (Gran Melia) offer traditional Cantonese Cuisine and Dim Sum on the weekend.<br /><br />- Try also Ming (Rasuna Said)<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">And for tempting Thai food, there's:</span><br /><br />- Sukhotai (Sheraton Media)<br /><br />- Lan Na Thai<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">For exotic Malaysian dishes, try :</span><br /><br />- Mat Dollah (Sarinah building)<br /><br />- Al Nafoura (Le Meridien) offers delicious Lebanese Food<br /><br />- Cinnabar has an Asian/international mix<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Japanese </span><br /><br />Recommendations include :<br /><br /><br />- Nadaman (Shangrila),<br /><br />- Tanpa Nama (Jepang), Jl. Kebun Binatang, Cikini<br /><br />- Roku-roku (Jepang), sepanjang Jl. Fatmawati (dekat 5 a sec)<br /><br />- Aoi (Le Meridien),<br /><br />- Keyaki (Sari Pan Pacific Hotel),<br /><br />- Shima (Aryaduta Hotel),<br /><br />- Bushido (Hotel Sahid Jaya),<br /><br />- Nippon-kan (Jakarta Hilton),<br /><br />- Sumire (Grand Hyatt),<br /><br />- Kirishima (Gran Melia Jakarta),<br /><br />- Kahyangan (Presiden Hotel),<br /><br />- Miyama (Borobudur)<br /><br />- Tokio Joe (Mandarin Oriental)<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Those with a penchant for sushi and sashimi should visit :</span><br /><br />- Sushi Ipachi (Wisma Kyoei Prince),<br /><br />- Kashi-No Ipachi (Wisma BNI 46),<br /><br />- Nogiku (Atlet Century),<br /><br />- Niwa (Aston Atrium),<br /><br />- Edogin (Hotel Mulia)<br /><br />- Ryoutei AOI (Le Meridien)<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br /><br />N. GADO-GADO / KETOPRAK<br /><br />- Gado-gado Jl. Cemara (dekat Ps. Boplo), bumbunya pake kacang mede<br /><br />- Gado-gado Jl. Kertajaya, jejeran Jl. Adityawarman<br /><br />- Gado-gado Jl. Kertanegara<br /><br />- Gado-gado Jl. Daksa<br /><br />- Gado-gado Gelora, Ps Tebet Barat lantai basement<br /><br />- Ketoprak Jl. Sunda (dekat Sarinah), deketnya GM sama Inter Studi<br /><br />- Ketoprak Jl. Borobudur kalo ini deket kantor Divisi Tehnik Masima<br /><br />- Ketoprak di Lapangan Parkir Pacuan Kuda Pulo Mas<br /><br />- Ketoprak Atma Jaya, didalem Kantin Kampus Unika Atma Jaya<br /><br />- Ketoprak STEKPI, dekat lapangan parkir STEKPI<br /><br />- Ketoprak Jl. Ciragil<br /><br />- Ketoprak Jl. Cikajang<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />O. SIOMAY / BAKPAU / LUMPIA<br /><br />- Siomay Dorongan Borobudur<br /><br />- Siomay Bulungan, depan GOR Bulungan<br /><br />- Siomay Bandung, Jl Cipete.<br /><br />- Siomay Senayan, Plaza Senayan Lt. Dasar, dekat Hero<br /><br />- Bakpau Theresia, dekat kompleks Gereja Theresia<br /><br />- Lumpia Jakarta, Jl. Pecenongan<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />P. PEMPEK / OTAK-OTAK<br /><br />- Pempek Jl. Garuda, Kemayoran<br /><br />- Pempek Jl. Radio Dalam<br /><br />- Pempek di depan Lapangan Blok S, sebelah salon: Top!!<br /><br />- Otak - otak Jl. Sangaji, Tanah Abang:mahal oi... tapi es kelapa +<br /><br />kopyornya enak lho!<br /><br />- Otak-otak deketnya Mesjid Istiqlal: yang jualan pake dorongan<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />Q. MARTABAK<br /><br />- Martabak Favorit Bandung Rawamangun, depannya Apotik Rini Rawamangun / Tiptop<br /><br />- Martabak Mesir Kubang, Jl. Sahardjo<br /><br />- Martabak Bandung, di Manggarai jalan Minangkabau (3A kalau nggak salah mereknya)<br /><br />- Martabak Tendean, di Restoran Mbok Berek Tendean<br /><br />- Martabak Bandung Fatmawati, dkt Perempatan Cipete, yang enak yang sebelahnya Toko Karpet<br /><br />- Martabak Bangka TOMANG, tempat persisnya gue lupa<br /><br />- Martabak Spotlite, (1) Jl. Fatmawati; (2) Jl. Cinere Raya<br /><br />- Martabak Bandung Blok M, deketnya Duta, Barito<br /><br />- Martabak Pela, cabangnya martabak Barito<br /><br />- Martabak Bangka yang deket RCTI, deket toko buah<br /><br />- Martabak Telor Cikini, seberang Hias Rias, didepan pengadilan tinggi<br /><br />- Martabak Bandung Santiago, di jl. Fatmawati, depan showroom Suzuki/Citra Asri Buana, kalo dari Blok A, setelah Pasar Cipete, sebelum jalan Sawo.<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />R. TAHU / TOGE GORENG / KERAK TELOR<br /><br />- Tahu Isi Tiptop, Rawamangun<br /><br />- Toge Goreng Ps. Baru, belakang Metro, Gg. Tua Pek Kong<br /><br />- Tahu Campur - di Jln. Ateri Pondok Indah, seblm perempatan Komplek KOSTRAD (sore-malam)<br /><br />- Kerak Telor PRJ, pokoknya kalo yang jual orang Betawi pasti enak<br /><br />- Di pelataran RuKo Pondok Indah Plaza, biasanya mangkal deket Mc Donald<br /><br />- Di Monas, deket Gambir<br /><br />- Pas PRJ di Kemayoran<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />S. ES / JUICE / ANEKA MINUMAN / ICE CREAM / KUE-KUE<br /><br /><br />- Juice Duren Ps. Cikini<br /><br />- Pancake Es Cream nya Cafe Regal<br /><br />- Tiramisu-nya Nanini Cafe Plaza Senayan<br /><br />- Ice Capucinno - nya Ola La Caf鼢r><br /><br />- Baskin Robins<br /><br />- Es Doger Jl Besuki<br /><br />- Es Krim Ragusa (Italia), Jl Veteran<br /><br />- Es Duren Matraman, Jl Matraman Raya<br /><br />- Es Kelapa / Kopyor - Otak-otak Jl. Sangaji<br /><br />- Es Doger / Es Kelapa Jl. Karawang<br /><br />- Es Palu Butung, jualannya di Sop Konro, atau restoran Makasar<br /><br />- Es Podeng Blok S, temenannya Sate Blok S<br /><br />- Es Teler 77, masih enak ngga sih<br /><br />- Es Kelapa / Kopyor - Otak-otak Sangaji<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />T. ASINAN / RUJAK<br /><br /><br />- Asinan Jl. Kamboja, depan Tiptop Rawamangun<br /><br />- Rujak Ulek/Serut/Juhi di Jl. Sabang depan Robinson<br /><br />- Di depan Markas KODAM JAK-SEL, dari Jl. Arteri Pondok Indah, yang mo ke PI, pas di perempatan KOSTRAD, belok kiri, - 100 meter sebelah kiri (ada pas siang doank)<br /><br />- Rujak Aceh di Pasaraya Blok M<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />U. KUE<br /><br /><br />- Kue coklat Maison Benny, Jl. Cikini, dekat TIM<br /><br />- Pistales SMA III, Jl. Setia Budi<br /><br />- Kue Tradisional Ny. Ali, Jl. Kramat Pela<br /><br />- Toko Kue TV Jl. Cikajang: enak!!!<br /><br />- Martin, Pal Merah<br /><br />- Kue Basah Blok M, Jl. Palapa 5 No. 21 Kedoya,Jakbar<br /><br />Telp. 021-5828721, HP. 08128201011<br /><br />Terima Pesanan Partai besar<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />V. ROTI BAKAR<br /><br /><br />- Roti Bakar Edi, terkenal sejak jaman taon 80'an, di Jalan Daksa, ada jualan Nasi Uduk + Ayam, kalo pesen bilang aja, Nasi Uduk Ayam Injek-injek<br /><br />- Roti Bakar Wiwied, Jl Fatmawati, depannya ATM BCA Fatmawati, deket Komp. Keuangan<br /><br />- Roti Bakar Pondok Indah, deket RS Pondok Indah<br /><br />- Roti Bakar di Bunderan PSKD IV Blok M<br /><br />============ ========= ========= ========= ====<br /><br />W. PUBS and CLUBS<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pubs and Clubs Guide </span><br /><br /><br />Aphrodite,Post- fitness party place in Klub Rasuna<br /><br />Jl. HR Rasuna Said Kav. C 22 Tel: 5263150<br /><br /><br />Arios<br /><br />Blok M's premier live music venue with good food and cocktails.<br /><br />Hotel Ambhara, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 1 Kebayoran Baru, Ph. 270 0800<br /><br /><br />Balemang Boheme<br /><br />Bohemian-themed music venue catering to executive partygoers.<br /><br />Jl. Wijaya I No. 53 Kabayoran Baru, Ph. 723 3977-8<br /><br /><br />The Bar<br /><br />Sophisticated jazz bar with good musicians.<br /><br />Regent Hotel, Jl. HR Rasuna Said, Ph. 252 3456<br /><br /><br />Barbados Huge, pirate-themed, live music and eating venue.<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Raya No. 68 Tel. 7199346<br /><br /><br />B.A.T.S<br /><br />A popular after work expat haunt. Serves everything big.<br /><br />Kota BNI, Jl. Jend. Sudirman kav 1, Ph. 570 7440<br /><br /><br />BC's<br /><br />Lively, young crowd with dance music and slick blazing bar trick.<br /><br />Next to Hard Rock Caf鬠Jl. Thamrin<br /><br /><br />Bengkel<br /><br />Impressive modern techno club with one of the best sounds systems<br /><br />around.<br /><br />Kawasan Niaga Terpadu Sudirman Lot 14, Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Ph. 515 5008<br /><br /><br />Blueprints Bar<br /><br />Personable staff offers hotel guests and Slipi residents a comfortable<br /><br />atmosphere. Bulevar Park Plaza, Jl. S. Parman Kav. 93-94, Ph. 569 60888<br /><br /><br />Upstairs at Brasserie<br /><br />Comfort and sophistication unite in this wine bar and cigar lounge.<br /><br />Plaza Bisnis Kemang 1, Jl. Kemang Raya No. 2, Ph. 7183422<br /><br /><br />Bu Gils<br /><br />Amsterdam style bar with a cozy atmosphere inside and terrace outside.<br /><br />Taman Ria Senayan, Laguna Ria Building, Ph. 574 7650<br /><br /><br />Champions<br /><br />Huge sports bar with burgers, fajitas and Asian food.<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Raya No. 10, Ph. 719 9041<br /><br /><br />Cinnabar<br /><br />One of the most tasteful and modern designs in town and latest places<br /><br />for the in-crowd.<br /><br />Ph. 390 3615<br /><br /><br />CJs<br /><br />One of the best bars in town in Jakarta's trendiest hotel.<br /><br />Hotel Mulia, Jl. Asia Afrika Senayan, Ph. 574 7777<br /><br /><br />Cuba Libre<br /><br />Latin bar with cocktails and cigar lounge upstairs from Domus.<br /><br />Jl. Veteran I, Ph. 344 7288<br /><br /><br />Club 45<br /><br />Smart, trendy bar for the upper class set on weekends<br /><br />Jl. Mahakam I No. 17 Blok M Ph. 7208888<br /><br /><br />The Face Bar<br /><br />Trendy, ethnic and atmospheric bar above Lan Na Thai, Ph. 325 037<br /><br /><br />Fashion Caf頼br><br />Brought to you by Naomi Campbell et al.<br /><br />Wisma BNI Ground Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 1, Ph. 574 4488<br /><br /><br />Front Row<br /><br />Taman Ria Senayan Jl. Gatot Subroto Ph. 5747231<br /><br /><br />Gypsy Bar and Wayang Restaurant<br /><br />Eclectic music in a traditional gypsy erotic style atmosphere.<br /><br />Jl. Iskandarsyah I/9, Kebayoran Baru, Ph. 727 94243<br /><br /><br />Happy Dragon<br /><br />Hotel Dusit Mangga Dua, Jl. Mangga Dua Raya, Ph. 612 8811<br /><br /><br />Hard Rock Caf頼br><br />The right mix of good live music and DJ sounds. Always full and lively.<br /><br />Sarinah Building, Jl. Thamrin, Ph. 390 3565<br /><br /><br />Jalan Jalan<br /><br />Bar, Live music, disco, pool table, chill-out area,<br /><br />revolving restaurant and Japanese restaurant.<br /><br />Menara Imperium, JL. HR Rasuna Said, Ph. 835 3979<br /><br /><br />Jamz<br /><br />City's leading jazz club with great crowds. Lippo Sudirman Grand Suite,<br /><br />Jl. Garnisun Dalam 8, Ph. 574 5670-72<br /><br /><br />Jimbani<br /><br />Balinese d飯r, Spanish Mexican menu, live reggae, funk and latin<br /><br />sounds.<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Raya 85, Ph. 717 91537<br /><br /><br />Kelts<br /><br />Jakarta's own authentic Irish pub. Hotel Gran Melia, Ph. 526 8080<br /><br /><br />Komodo Airways<br /><br />Famous for it's delicious pizza. Hotel Atlet Century, Ph. 571 2094<br /><br /><br />Lamborghini<br /><br />Lively caf頷ith a motor racing theme. Taman Ria Senayan, Ph. 574 7020<br /><br /><br />Manna by Dionysius Wine Lounge<br /><br />Comfortable, fashionable wine bar. Modern, jazzy and latest place<br /><br />for the in-crowd.<br /><br />Taman Ria Senayan, East End Bldg, unit 101, Jl. Gatot Subroto Ph.<br /><br /><br />Marios Place<br /><br />American-style eatery with cool bar downstairs and live music.<br /><br />Ground Fl., Menteng Plaza Ph. 3917301<br /><br /><br />Mata Bar<br /><br />Youngest, funniest place around, where the unpretentious crowd is<br /><br />out to party, aided by some very silly theme nights. Tunes are strictly<br /><br />mainstream dance, hip-hop and some crowd pleasing Indonesian pop<br /><br />favorites.<br /><br />Can get packed. Great view. See restaurant entry.<br /><br />Metropolitan II building, Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Ph. 571 0064<br /><br /><br />Morgan's Classic Disco<br /><br />Named after the classic convertible that dominates the pub's d飯r.<br /><br />Hotel Aston Atrium, Ph. 344 2826<br /><br /><br />Musro<br /><br />Techno music and ancient Greek d飯r.<br /><br />Borobudur Hotel, Jl. Lapangan Banteng, Ph. 384 2050<br /><br /><br />New Age Bar<br /><br />Upstairs from Hazara, it's a must for pre or post dinner drinks.<br /><br />Ph. 315 0424<br /><br /><br />News Caf頉 and II<br /><br />Two slick and modern upmarket cafes with varied menus and first class<br /><br />food.<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Raya, Ph. 717 92575.<br /><br />Setiabudi Building I, Jl. HR Rasuna Said, Ph. 525 7376<br /><br /><br />OHagans<br /><br />Irish bar aiming at greater authenticity than the others,<br /><br />including Guiness and Kilkenny on tap. Cold atmosphere but great pub<br /><br />grup.<br /><br />Hotel Menara Peninsula,<br /><br />Jl. S. Parman 78 Slipi Ph. 5350888<br /><br /><br />Oishii Lounge Extension of the funky Japanese restaurant<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Raya No. 2 Ph. 7197607<br /><br /><br />O'Reillys<br /><br />Stylish upmarket hangouts with live music in the evenings and great bar<br /><br />food.<br /><br />Grand Hyatt, Jl. MH Thamrin, Ph. 390 1234<br /><br /><br />Prego<br /><br />At the forefront of taste and style with minimalist d飯r, a mirrored<br /><br />bar,<br /><br />and smart bathrooms. The tiny dancefloor pasks out easily to some<br /><br />excellent<br /><br />dance, garage and drum and bass.<br /><br />Wisma Iskandarsyah, Ph. 723 5123<br /><br /><br />Paprika Highly trend and modern wine lounge and restaurant<br /><br />Jl. Wahid Hasyim No. 55A Ph. 3144113<br /><br /><br />Planet Hollywood<br /><br />The world's 16th planet Hollywood is right below the Studio 21<br /><br />multiplex<br /><br />cinema on Jl. Gatot Subroto, Ph. 526 7827<br /><br /><br />Retro<br /><br />This big, slick club-in-a-hotel is presently the in place among<br /><br />trend-obsessed Jakartans. Smart, colorful decorations, a spectacular<br /><br />light show and a crisp, clear sound system make a night out here<br /><br />a sensual extravaganza. DJs keep the upmarket public grooving to<br /><br />a funky dance set with some R & B, techno and disco thrown in.<br /><br />Parking spaces, queuing times and drinks prices<br /><br />are all at a premium.<br /><br />Crowne Plaza Hotel, Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Ph. 526 8833<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">RJs Sport </span><br /><br />Bar and Grill Drinks, food, pool, satellite TV and live music on Fri & Sat.<br /><br />Imperial Century Hotel 401 Bulevar Jend. Sudirman, Lippo Karawaci, Tangerang. Ph. 5460101<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Salsa</span><br /><br />Popular latin party place in the middle of Kemang. Good pasta, good music, funky crowd and a quality pool table.<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Selatan Raya, Ph. 719 5556<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Stanford Arms</span><br /><br />Genuinely authentic British pub with good beers and an excellent steak and kidney pie. This and friendly staff make it an after work drinking venue of choice.<br /><br />Hotel Ambara, Blok M, Ph. 270 0888<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Stix</span><br /><br />Great food and targeted advertising make this a popular venue.<br /><br />Park Lane Hotel, Ph. 828 2000<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">TGI Fridays</span><br /><br />American bars for those who like drinking imported beers and watching barmen juggle their shakers. Komplek Taman Ria Senayan, Ph. 574 2083 or<br /><br />Ascott Hotel, Kebon Kacang, Ph. 391 6868<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The Tavern</span><br /><br />Refreshingly there are no gimmicks at this relaxing, hospitable hotel bar famous for its hot-stone steaks - a sizzling experience.<br /><br />Aryaduta Hotel, Jl. Prapatan, Ph. 231 1239<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Tiga Puluh</span><br /><br />The 30s style music bar at Le Meridien Hotel. Resident band<br /><br />attitude plays 'jam swing' on an impressive central stage.<br /><br />Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Ph. 251 3131<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Yacht Club</span><br /><br />Live music venue in the north. Sheraton Media,<br /><br />Jl. Gunung Sahari, Ph. 626 3001<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Waroeng Kemang</span><br /><br />Ph. 719 0371-74<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Menara Pisa</span><br /><br />Crowded young people, live music, good pizza and pasta and ice cream.<br /><br />Jl. Gereja Theresia, Menteng.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Arios</span><br /><br />Blok Ms premier live music venue with good food and cocktails.<br /><br />Hotel Ambhara, Jl. Iskandarsyah Raya No. 1 Kebayoran Baru,<br /><br />Ph. 270 0800.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Balemang Boheme</span><br /><br />Bohemian-themed music venue catering to executive partygoers.<br /><br />Jl. Wijaya I No. 53 Kabayoran Baru, Ph. 723 3977-8.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The Bar</span><br /><br />Sophisticated jazz bar with good musicians.<br /><br />Regent Hotel, Jl. HR Rasuna Said, Ph. 252 3456.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">B.A.T.S</span><br /><br />A popular after work expat haunt. Serves everything big.<br /><br />Kota BNI, Jl. Jend. Sudirman kav 1, Ph. 570 7440.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">BCs</span><br /><br />Lively, young crowd with dance music and slick blazing bar trick.<br /><br />Next to Hard Rock Cafe Jl. Thamrin.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Bengkel</span><br /><br />Impressive modern techno club with one of the best sounds systems<br /><br />around.<br /><br />Kawasan Niaga Terpadu Sudirman Lot 14, Jl. Jend. Sudirman,<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Blueprints Bar</span><br /><br />Personable staff offers hotel guests and Slipi residents a comfortable<br /><br />atmosphere.<br /><br />Bulevar Park Plaza, Jl. S. Parman Kav. 93-94, Ph. 569 60888.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Upstairs at Brasserie</span><br /><br />Comfort and sophistication unite in this wine bar and cigar lounge.<br /><br />Plaza Bisnis Kemang 1, Jl. Kemang Raya No. 2, Ph. 718 3422.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Bu Gils</span><br /><br />Amsterdam style bar with a cozy atmosphere inside and terrace outside.<br /><br />Taman Ria Senayan, Laguna Ria Building, Ph. 574 7650.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Champions</span><br /><br />Huge sports bar with burgers, fajitas and Asian food.<br /><br />JL. Kemang Raya No. 10, Ph. 719 9041.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Cinnabar</span><br /><br />One of the most tasteful and modern designs in town and latest<br /><br />places for the in-crowd. Ph. 390 3615.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">CJs</span><br /><br />One of the best bars in town in Jakartas trendiest hotel.<br /><br />Hotel Mulia, Jl. Asia Afrika Senayan, Ph. 574 7777.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Cuba Libre</span><br /><br />Latin bar with cocktails and cigar lounge upstairs from Domus.<br /><br />Jl. Veteran I, Ph. 344 7288.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">D-Bar</span><br /><br />Smart, modern dance and mainstream dance music. Live band on Wednesday and Thursday.<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Selatan 2, Ph. 780 5610.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The Face Bar</span><br /><br />Trendy, ethnic and atmospheric bar above Lan Na Thai, Ph. 325 037.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Fashion Cafe</span><br /><br />Brought to you by Naomi Campbell et al.<br /><br />Wisma BNI Ground Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 1, Ph. 574 4488.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Gypsy Bar and Wayang Restaurant</span><br /><br />Eclectic music in a traditional gypsy erotic style atmosphere.<br /><br />Jl. Iskandarsyah I/9, Kebayoran Baru, Ph. 727 94243.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Happy Dragon</span><br /><br />Hotel Dusit Mangga Dua, Jl. Mangga Dua Raya, Ph. 612 8811.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Hard Rock Cafe</span><br /><br />The right mix of good live music and DJ sounds. Always full and lively.<br /><br />Sarinah Building, Jl. Thamrin, Ph. 390 3565.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Jalan Jalan</span><br /><br />Bar, Live music, disco, pool table, chill-out area, revolving restaurant and Japanese restaurant.<br /><br />Menara Imperium, JL. HR Rasuna Said, Ph. 835 3979.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Jamz</span><br /><br />Citys leading jazz club with great crowds.<br /><br />Lippo Sudirman Grand Suite, Jl. Garnisun Dalam 8, Ph. 574 5670-72.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Jimbani</span><br /><br />Balinese d飯r, Spanish Mexican menu, live reggae, funk and latin sounds.<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Raya 85, Ph. 717 91537.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Kelts</span><br /><br />Jakartas own authentic Irish pub. Hotel Gran Melia, Ph. 526 8080.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Komodo Airways</span><br /><br />Famous for its delicious pizza. Hotel Atlet Century, Ph. 571 2094.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Lamborghini</span><br /><br />Lively caf頷ith a motor racing theme. Taman Ria Senayan, Ph. 574 7020.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Mata Bar</span><br /><br />Youngest, funniest place around, where the unpretentious crowd is out to party, aided by some very silly theme nights. Tunes are strictly mainstream dance, hip-hop and some crowd pleasing Indonesian pop favorites. Can get packed. Great view. See restaurant entry.<br /><br />Metropolitan II building, Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Ph. 571 0064.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Morgans Classic Disco</span><br /><br />Named after the classic convertible that dominates the pubs d飯r.<br /><br />Hotel Aston Atrium, Ph. 344 2826.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Musro</span><br /><br />Techno music and ancient Greek d飯r. Borobudur Hotel, Jl. Lapangan Banteng, Ph. 384 2050.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">New Age Bar</span><br /><br />Upstairs from Hazara, its a must for pre or post dinner drinks.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">News Caf頉 and II</span><br /><br />Two slick and modern upmarket cafes with varied menus and first class<br /><br />food.<br /><br />Jl. Kemang Raya, Ph. 717 92575.<br /><br />Setiabudi Building I, Jl. HR Rasuna Said, Ph. 525 7376.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Prego</span><br /><br />At the forefront of taste and style with minimalist d飯r, a mirrored bar, and smart bathrooms. The tiny dancefloor pasks out easily to some excellent dance, garage and drum and bass.<br /><br />Wisma Iskandarsyah, Ph. 723 5123.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">OReillys</span><br /><br />Stylish upmarket hangouts with live music in the evenings and great bar food.<br /><br />Grand Hyatt, Jl. MH Thamrin, Ph. 390 1234.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Retro</span><br /><br />This big, slick club-in-a-hotel is presently the in place among trend-obsessed Jakartans. Smart, colorful decorations, a spectacular light show and a crisp, clear sound system make a night out here a sensual extravaganza. DJs keep the upmarket public grooving to a funky dance set with some R & B, techno and disco thrown in. Parking spaces, queuing times and drinks prices are<br />all at a premium.<br /><br />Crowne Plaza Hotel, Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto, Ph. 526 8833.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Padi Padi</span><br /><br />Stylish bar. Ph. 7179, 1405.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Planet Hollywood</span><br /><br />The worlds 16th planet Hollywood is right below the Studio 21 multiplex cinema<br /><br />Jl. Gatot Subroto, Ph. 526 7827.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Salsa</span><br /><br />Popular latin party place in the middle of Kemang. Good pasta, good music, funky crowd and a quality pool table.<br /><br />Kemang Selatan Raya, Ph. 719 5556.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Stanford Arms</span><br /><br />Genuinely authentic British pub with good beers and an excellent steak and kidney pie. This and friendly staff make it an after work drinking venue of choice.<br /><br />Hotel Ambara, Blok M, Ph. 270 0888.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Stix</span><br /><br />Great food and targeted advertising make this a popular venue.<br /><br />Park Lane Hotel, Ph. 828 2000.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">TGI Fridays</span><br /><br />American bars for those who like drinking imported beers and watching barmen juggle their shakers.<br /><br />Komplek Taman Ria Senayan, Ph. 574 2083 or Ascott Hotel, Kebon Kacang,<br /><br />Ph. 391 6868.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">The Tavern</span><br /><br />Refreshingly there are no gimmicks at this relaxing, hospitable hotel bar famous for its hot-stone steaks a sizzling experience.<br /><br />Aryaduta Hotel, Jl. Prapatan, Ph. 231 1239.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Tiga Puluh</span><br /><br />The 30s style music bar at Le Meridien Hotel. Resident band attitude plays jam swing on an impressive central stage.<br /><br />Jl. Jend. Sudirman, Ph. 251 3131.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Yacht Club</span><br /><br />Live music venue in the north. Sheraton Media, Jl. Gunung Sahari,<br /><br /><br />Waroeng Kemang<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Menara Pisa</span><br /><br />Crowded young people, live music, good pizza and pasta and ice cream.<br /><br />Jl. 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5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">GENERALIZED BULUNGAN STRATIGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bunyu Beds (Late Pliocene)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sandy and clayey beds containing numerous intercalation of lignite, lying unconformably on older Tertiary. Either monoclinally dipping 1,5-2<sup>o</sup> E, or gently folded. Overlain by young alluvial deposits. No distinctive fossil. Sometimes these beds contain fossiliferous layers with brackish water arenaceous foraminifera and shallow marine Rotalias and Elphidiums.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sajau-Tarakan Beds (Late Pliocene)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The Sajau Tarakan Formation is composed of two parts: an upper green clay and tuffaceous sandstone member and a lower light blue-green plastic, homogeneous clay member containing some lignite beds. Total thickness about 360 m. The lower division contains some economically important lignite seams in its upper part. These beds are overlain by the <i style="">Bunyu Beds</i>, and overlie with an angular unconformity the miocene <i style="">Antjam</i> and <i style="">Tabul</i> formation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Antjam Beds (Early Pliocene)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Blue gray firm clay, rich in mollusca and corals, a few limestone beds and thin beds of coal (between half-shiny coal and lignite). Thickness 150 m. They are unconformably overlain by the <i style="">Sadjau-Tarakan Beds (Group)</i> and in turn disconformably overlie the <i style="">Kundjang Beds (Group)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kundjang Beds (Late Miocene)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reef limestone and fossiliferous marls and clay. Thickness 200 m. The formation is overlain with a slight disconformity by <i style="">Antjam Beds</i>, and in turn slightly disconformably overlies the <i style="">Sitam beds</i>. They are correlated with the lower part of the <i style="">Tabul Beds</i> and the upper part of the <i style="">Meliat Sandstone Formation</i>, the upper part of the <i style="">Taballar Limestone Formation</i> and the <i style="">Menkrawit Beds</i>, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tempilan Beds (Late Oligocene)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alternating thin-bedded sandstones, marls and shales, the marls increasing upward, so that the top of the beds consists of pure marl. The thickness is about 1000 m. The larger Foraminifera included in the formation indicate an <i style="">Upper Oligocene</i> age. The formation overlies the <i style="">Seilor Beds (Formation)</i> of Lower Oligocene age, conformably in Tidung Districts, disconformably in Salimbatu-Antjam-Bulungan, where the <i style="">Mankabua marls</i> are intercalated. They are overlain by the <i style="">Mesalai Marls (Formation)</i> of Lower Miocene age.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mankabua Marls (Early Oligocene)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Neritic sediments with <i style="">Camerina fichteli</i>, indicating a Oligocene age. No thickness or composition is mentioned. The beds are disconformably overlain by the Tempilan Beds, and in turn overlie the Seilor Beds. Possibly they are lateral equivalent of at least part of the latter formation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Marah Beds (Late Eocene)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Some thousands of meters of mica sandstone with intercalations of limestone and marl with larger Foraminifera. The age is Upper Eocene. The Marah Beds can be correlated with the Lower Taballar Marls in the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Mankalihat</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Peninsula</st1:placetype></st1:place>, and with the Tulit Beds in the Tidung Districts.<b style=""><u> <o:p></o:p></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sungai Orang Beds (Early Eocene)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Several thousands of metres clastic sediments, formed under geosynclinal circumstances, and strongly folded. They consist mainly of mica sandstone with some intercalations of marl and limestone containing larger foraminifera, indicating a lower Eocene age. They may be correlated with the <i style="">Tikung Beds (formation)</i> in the Tidung districts and the <i style="">Sandstone Stage (formation)</i> in <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Mangalihat</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Peninsula</st1:placetype></st1:place>. The S. Orang Beds overlie unconformably the pre-tertiary of <st1:place st="on">Borneo</st1:place>, and they are overlain by the <i style="">Marah layers (formation)</i> of Upper Eocene age. <o:p></o:p></span></p> Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-24027750572537827842009-01-31T12:26:00.000+07:002009-11-03T18:13:07.049+07:00How to Fix Stuck Pixel on LCD<span style="font-size: 130%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">If your LCD screen has a stuck a point on the screen that is always lit red, yellow, blue, green or white, it is usually due to distribution of liquid in the liquid crystal display (TFT LCD) problem. This can often be fixed, but not on dead pixel (black dot color). Nothing can do on dead pixel, but if the stuck pixel you have then try this hopefully works...</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Step:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
Try running pixel fixing software </span><a class="external text" href="http://www.jscreenfix.com/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.jscreenfix.com">JScreenFix</a><span style="font-family: arial;"> or </span><a class="external text" href="http://udpix.free.fr/" rel="nofollow" title="http://udpix.free.fr">UDPixel 2.1</a><span style="font-family: arial;"> Stuck pixels can often be re-energized by rapidly turning them on and off. If this fails, complete the following steps:<br />
<br />
</span></span><br />
<h3><span style="font-size: 130%;">Pressure Method</span></h3><ol><li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Turn off your computer's monitor.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Get yourself a damp washcloth, so that you don't scratch your screen.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Take a household pen, pencil, screwdriver, or some other sort of instrument with a focused, but relatively dull, point. A very good tool would be a PDA stylus.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Fold the washcloth to make sure you don't accidentally puncture it and scratch the screen.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Apply pressure through the folded washcloth with the instrument to exactly where the stuck pixel is. Try not to put pressure anywhere else, as this may make more stuck pixels.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">While applying pressure, turn on your computer and screen.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Remove pressure and the stuck pixel should be gone. This works as the liquid in the liquid crystal has not spread into each little pixel. This liquid is used with the backlight on your monitor, allowing different amounts of light through, which creates the different colors.</span></li>
</ol><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
</span><br />
<h3><span style="font-size: 130%;">Tapping Method</span></h3><ol><li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Turn on the computer and LCD screen.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Display a black image, which will show the stuck pixel very clearly against the background. (It is very important that you are showing a black image and not just a blank signal, as you need the backlighting of the LCD to be illuminating the back of the panel).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Find a pen with a rounded end. A Sharpie marker with the cap on should be fine for this.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Use the rounded end of the pen to gently tap where the stuck pixel is - not too hard to start with, just enough to see a quick white glow under the point of contact. If you didn't see a white glow, then you didn't tap hard enough, so use just slightly more pressure this time.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Start tapping gently. Increase the pressure on the taps gradually for 5-10 taps until the pixel rights itself.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Display a white image (an empty text document is good for this) to verify that you haven't accidentally caused more damage than you fixed.</span></li>
</ol><h2><span style="font-size: 130%;">Tips</span></h2><ul><li><span style="font-size: 130%;">If the pressure and tapping don't work directly on the stuck pixel, start moving outward around the stuck pixel. If you see the pixel flicker while doing this then you know where you can focus the pressure and tapping techniques rather than directly on the pixel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Many people report success with this technique but these instructions won't work in every case. It may take a few attempts to make sure you are pressing exactly on the stuck pixel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">These instructions will fix "stuck" pixels, not "dead" ones. Dead pixels appear black while stuck pixels can be one constant color like red, blue or green.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">An alternative, but similar technique involves gently massaging the stuck pixel with a warm damp (<b>not wet</b>) soft cloth.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">Alternative technique to tapping: Using a rounded pencil eraser, push with moderate pressure into screen at stuck pixel.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: 130%;">If these instructions don't work, you can hopefully get the monitor replaced through your manufacturer. If your monitor falls under the specifications of replacement, get in contact with the manufacturer to set up replacement plans.</span></li>
</ul><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
Have a good try and good luck :-)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: arial;"><br />
<br />
</span></span>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-27344589392766604372009-01-13T09:40:00.000+07:002009-11-03T18:12:17.782+07:00Pohon Tumbang<div style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
<span style="color: #3333ff;">Akhir-akhir ini udah banyak kejadian macam begini, pohon tumbang dimana-mana krn angin kencang dimusim penghujan kayak sekarang, terutama di Jakarta. Parah juga dinas pertamanan kota Jakarta ya kalo pohon yang udah ga layak ya bok di beresin gitu. Sebagai seorang pengguna jalan di Jakarta kita jadi was-was kalo berpergian, apakah kendaraan kita diganti kalo dapet musibah kayak gini? who knows? </span></span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 130%;">Pohon Tumbang Timpa Bajaj</span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 130%;">Sopir dan Penumpang Selamat karena Melompat</span><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 130%;"> <b>Muhammad Taufiqqurahman</b> - detikNews<br />
</span> <br />
<div class="illustrasi" style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><img border="0" hspace="0" src="http://www.detiknews.com/images/content/2009/01/13/10/bajaj.jpg" vspace="0" /><br />
<b> </b></span> <br />
</div><div style="font-family: arial; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><b>Jakarta</b> - Sebuah pohon asem besar tumbang di Jl Katedral, di depan Markas Besar AD, dekat Istiqlal, lalu menimpa Bajaj B 2693 FN. Beruntung sang sopir dan satu penumpangnya berhasil menyelamatkan diri.<br />
<br />
"Kejadian pukul 07.00 WIB, korban ada dua tidak parah, penumpang menghindar dengan cara melompat," kata petugas dari Polsek Sawah Besar, kepada wartawan di lokasi kejadiang, Selasa (13/1/2009), pukul 08.30 WIB.<br />
<br />
"Penumpangnya penjual buah berobat sendiri, sedangkan pengemudinya langsung pergi menuju tempat majikannya," lanjutnya.<br />
<br />
Saat ini pohon sedang berusaha disingkirkan dari jalan oleh petugas kebersihan dengan cara memotongnya kecil-kecil. Kejadian ini juga tidak mempengaruhi kelancaran lalu lintas karena meskipun padat sudah ada polantas yang mengatur kendaraan yang melintas.<br />
</span><br />
</div><span style="font-size: 130%;"><br />
<b style="font-family: arial;">(van/gah)</b></span>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-77040925628852695162009-01-13T09:08:00.000+07:002009-11-03T18:11:53.603+07:00War with 4:4<div style="color: black; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 130%;">Setelah dua kali kali kalah di ages of renewal ini <a href="http://utopia.swirve.com/index.php">(utopia)</a>, kerajaan kami 19:21 memperoleh kemenangan pertamanya dengan 4:4 wah senangnya. Memang persiapan matang untuk wpa-tpa-sciences pumping udah dilakukan sejak pertengahan desember 2008, bisa dikatakan kami benar-benar siap kali ini.<br />
<br />
Kebetulan 4:4 salah satu kerajaan yg bisa dikatakan tidak begitu aktif, terlalu banyak pure t/m dan sedikit attacker, he3. Jelaslah sudah kurang dari 24 jam udah mulai terlihat kemenangan didepan mata ha3, dari KD NW dan acres udah tertinggal jauh banget.<br />
<br />
Dalam pertempuran kali ini TM aku lakukan sebanyak 4kali, ambushed terhadap orc sebanyak 1 kali he3, ambush + TM combo. Thievery ops difokuskan dengan NS, Kidnapping, kebanyakan incite riots terutama kepada ras HU/At agar supaya disable secepatnya hi3. Untuk magic sendiri tidak begitu intensif sih, kecuali hanya beberapa storms ke HU & orc. Sumpah pertempuran kali ini ini mudah banget dibanding sebelum-sebelumya, selama pertempuran cuman kena MSx1, kidnappingx2, FB kalo ga salah 2 kali diawal doank. Emang mereka terlihat bukan hybrid dibandingakan dengan KD kami yang total hybrid lol.<br />
<br />
Setelah kurang lebih 48 jam OL tanpa henti (mata pegel juga kurang tdr), lewat minimum time kira2 5 jam, 4:4 menyerah " War ended as (4:4) withdraws. Our people rejoice at our victory. Wah senengnya akhirnya bisa istirahat malam ini, siap2 perang lagi mungkin weekend ini. Oh ya sekedar untuk menambahkan dalam perang ini dapet acres gain kurang lebih +120 (ga begitu banyak seh), soalnya tiap nyerang kena retal yg cukup gede juga mengingat gw selalu doing semi suicide tiap nge-hit :-)</span><br />
</div>Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-76879203888838010832009-01-09T15:28:00.000+07:002009-01-13T10:40:13.373+07:00Diagenesis of Sedimentary Rocks Stratigraphy & Sedimentology<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" ><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" 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{mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l2:level4 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} @list l3 {mso-list-id:1256403449; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-783396556 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l3:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in; mso-level-number-position:left; margin-left:1.0in; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></u></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A.<span style=""> </span>Diagenesis Defined: </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span>
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The AGI Glossary defines diagenesis as: “The physical, chemical, and biological changes, modifications, or transformations undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition.”</span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B.<span style=""> </span>Implications for Diagenetic Changes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span>Changes that occur after a sediment has been deposited can significantly alter the composition and behavior of sediments and sedimentary rocks.<span style=""> </span>For example, deposition of cement in the pore spaces of a highly porous sandstone can significantly reduce porosity and affect permeability. Replacement of original mineral material may significantly change the composition of a sedimentary rock from its parent sediment.<span style=""> </span>For example, Iron oxides which replace minerals and which becomes a cementing agent may come to comprise a large percentage of a sedimentary rock. In Minnesota, some of the world-famous iron “ores” are actually sedimentary in origin and alteration.<span style=""> </span>Knowing how alteration occurs and what transformations are likely, a geologist can often predict or interpret characteristics of rocks that have important bearing on resource recovery opportunities and environmental issues.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C.<span style=""> </span>Identification of Diagenetic Changes:<o:p></o:p></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span>From beginning <i>Physical Geology</i> and in <i>Petrology</i>, you have been acquainted with the general changes that can occur in sediments and sedimentary rocks.<span style=""> </span>What are the broad categories that you have studied in the past?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>1.<span style=""> </span>compaction<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>2.<span style=""> </span>dewatering<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>3.<span style=""> </span>cementation<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>4.<span style=""> </span>replacement<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>5.<span style=""> </span>recrystallization</span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">D. Diagenetic Changes:</span></span><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p><span style=""></span><b>1.<span style=""> </span>Compaction:<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Compaction is the compression of sediments in response to the increased weight of accumulation of overlying sediments.<span style=""> </span>Compaction occurs in all sediments, detrital and non-detrital.<span style=""> </span>The impact of compaction is most significant in sediments that are granular (detrital grains, carbonate shell fragments, plant pieces) although compaction can impact sediments of evaporitic origin (compaction usually initiates recrystallization in evaporites that will be discussed later). <span style=""></span>Compaction results in the reduction of pore space, and it can promote the alignment of grains (such as the alignment of platy clay grains parallel to bedding)<span style=""></span>. Sediments rich in clays may have the porosity reduced and the permeability almost completely impaired as clay grains are flattened and align and become very cohesive. In general the implications of compaction and nature of sediments and sedimentary rocks are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a.<span style=""> </span>reduction of porosity<o:p></o:p>
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b.<span style=""> </span>reduction of permeability<o:p></o:p>
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">c.<span style=""> </span>almost complete destruction of permeability<o:p></o:p>
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">d.<span style=""> </span>dewatering<o:p></o:p>
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e.<span style=""> </span>the older the sedimentary rock the greater compaction likely<o:p></o:p>
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">f.<span style=""> </span>sedimentary rocks associated with orogenic regions likely to be have undergone greater compaction<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><b>2.<span style=""> </span>Dewatering:<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span>Dewatering accompanies compaction.<span style=""> </span>Basically compaction creates physical changes in sediments, but dewatering and the movement of water through sediments can cause chemical changes. Mineral matter can be dissolved, moved in solution or in a colloidal state, and then be redeposited elsewhere in the sediment or to be removed from the sediment entirely.<span style=""> </span>Dewatering can be important in development of cements, but cements will<span style=""> </span>be discussed under a separate category.
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<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><b>3.<span style=""> </span>Cementation:<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span>Cementation involves the deposition or precipitation of mineral matter in open spaces of <span style=""> </span>sedimentary rocks. Mineral materials may accumulate in pore spaces, fractures, interiors of fossil shells, etc. Deposition of cement in open spaces depends upon the chemistry of water moving through the sediments after burial. Fluid may be:<span style=""></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ul style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pore water from compaction and dewatering<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></li></ul><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </div><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </div><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </div><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </div><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </div><ul style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fluids introduced after original pore fluids have been removed by<o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[endif]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> dewatering (such as freshwater flushing through marine sediments that have been uplifted after their initial position or deep burial of fresh water sediments exposed to marine briney of marine sediments)
<br /></span></span></li></ul><ul style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fluids introduced by heating and fluid migration associated with igneous <o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 2in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p><span style=""></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><b>a.<span style=""> </span>Primary Cementation:<span style=""> </span>Generalities:</b> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span>In general, as pore water is removed by compaction, some of the mineral matter of pore fluids may be precipitated or deposited in pore spaces. Early cementation, known as primary cementation, may nearly completely cement a rock.<span style=""> </span>In quartz arenites, silica that is dissolved, can be precipitated as a quartz megacrystalline cement or as a microcrystalline cement (chert). <span style=""></span>Silica precipitation is normally slow because concentrations of silica in pore waters is low and silica is “slowly soluble” so oftentimes pores spaces in quartz arenites are not completely filled. Only with long periods of time do quartz arenites become well cemented. Carbonate grainstones may cement quite readily because solution of the grains (fossils fragments, etc.) can be rapid because calcium carbonate is readily soluble in warm marine waters. Pore space of a fossiliferous grainstone may be completely infilled.<span style=""> </span>Implications are that grainstones may be expected to be completely cemented by calcite “spar”. Sandstones may not be completely cemented by primary cementation if quartz is the microcrystalline quartz variety or quartz “overgrowth” variety. Some quite old (Cambrian and Ordovician) quartz arenites have quite high porosity and permeability because of low amounts of <span style=""> </span>cement, and they serve as important groundwater aquifers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><b>b.<span style=""> </span>Primary Cementation:<span style=""> </span>Cement Mineralogy:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cements can be comprised of any mineral species that is dissolved or carried in <o:p></o:p>a colloidal state in pore waters.<span style=""> </span>The most common primary cements include:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <ol><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">silica (quartz and microcrystalline chert)</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">iron oxides (hematite and limonite)</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">calcite </span><o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">dolomite (Ca, Mg Carbonate)</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">siderite (Fe Carbonate)</span><o:p></o:p></span></span><!--[endif]--></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">clay (although clay is a detrital grain, the surfaces of the platy clay grains are cohesive and act as as cement to other clay grains and other detrital fragments even thought they are not "precipitated" cements)</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The composition of the primary cements depends mainly upon the nature of the original pore fluids of the sediment; so therefore the nature of primary cements depends upon the environment of deposition. Marine pore waters are rich in calcium, magnesium, “salts” (such as halite and gypsum) and some silica and iron. <span style=""></span>Terrestrial pore waters are richer in iron and silica. The differences in pore waters are primarily due to the differences in cations that influence the “acidity”/pH of the pore fluids. Marine pore waters are more “basic” and and terrestrial pore waters tend to be more “acidic”
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(reviewed nature of acidity and alkalinity and pH.<span style=""> </span>Defined pH as, “the negative logarithm of the effective concentration of hydrogen in grams per liter.<span style=""> </span>A high pH number value means a high number of decimal places which means a low hydrogen concentration = basic/alkaline. A low pH number value means a low number of decimal places which means a high concentration of hydrogen = acidic)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A chart circulated compares the eH and pH of pore waters from a variety of depositional settings.<span style=""> </span>In general:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Marine pore fluids are basic and are richer in calcite, salts (such as halite and gypsum), siderite, and some silica -- elements and compounds that go into solution easily and at lower acidity (at higher pH);<span style=""> </span>also these are elements and compounds that neutralize acidic solutions readily; so they also contribute to lower acidity and raiser alkalinity</span></span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Terrestrial pore fluids are much more acidic so that slowly soluble cautions like iron and compounds such as silica are in higher concentrations (more acidic partly because of the lack of ocean cautions and more acidic because of the acids released into pore water from decaying plant matter)</span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Therefore, as compaction occurs, terrestrially formed rocks tend to have cements rich in silica and iron oxides and illitic clays.<span style=""> </span>Rocks from marine settings tend to have more cements dominated by calcite, dolomite, sulfates, siderite, and illitic and glauconitic clays.
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<br /></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><span style=""></span>c.<span style=""> </span>Conditions that Promote Cementation:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p><span style=""></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><span style=""></span>Cementation occurs when pore fluids become saturated and supersaturated. The geological conditions that can promote saturation and supersaturation include:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Desiccation of sediments -- If sediments are desiccated, especially shallow sediments, then the solutions become saturated with respect to mineral compounds, and precipitation or deposition can occur. Some desert sediments and soils have cementation of the shallower horizons in response to evaporation and dessication.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Changes in the pressure of sediments -- If sediments are deeply buried in the center of a basin, the compression of overlying layers can cause dewatering; the pore fluids migrate into shallower parts of the basin where pressure is less. Pressure release can promote precipitation.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Changes in the temperature of sediments -- If sediments are deeply buried in the center of a basin, not only do they become compressed, the temperature of the sediments and pore fluids increases. As compression drives the pore fluids into shallower parts of the basin where temperatures are less, the pore fluids can become supersaturated and precipitation can occur.<span style=""> </span>Association with mountainbuilding or hydrothermal conditions may also contribute heat and increase temperature conditions that put compounds in solution.<span style=""> </span>As pore fluids migrate into cooler settings, precipitation can occur.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Changes in pore fluid chemistry -- changes in concentration, eH and pH. Increases in concentration or changes in pH can "push" pore fluids into conditioins of "oversaturation" and can result in precipitation of mineral cements in pore spaces.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul></div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p><span style=""></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><span style=""></span><b>d.<span style=""> </span>Implications for Primary Cementation:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Margins of depositional basins tend to be areas of concentration of cementing processes.<span style=""> </span>Sedimentary rocks "ringing" depositional basins tend to be better cemented and have lower porosities and permeabilities than sedimentary sequences in the centers of depositional basins.<span style=""> </span>Some of the most productive of petroleum oil fields are in the centers of deep sedimentary basins (if the oil has not migrated significantly) and in the zones between the center of the basin and the basin margins (where there has been some migration of petroleum).<span style=""> </span>There is almost a "halo" effect or "bulls eye" effect in the pattern of petroleum <span style=""> </span>production from sedimentary basins.<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Some of the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>' most important groundwater aquifers ring the margins of sedimentary basins.<span style=""> </span>The Jordan Sandstone, a quartz arenite, in the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">Forest</st1:placetype><st1:placetype st="on"> City</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Basin</st1:placetype></st1:place> (<st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Iowa</st1:place></st1:state>, <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Nebraska</st1:place></st1:state>, <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Missouri</st1:place></st1:state>, <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Kansas</st1:place></st1:state>) supplies much of the drinking water across <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Iowa</st1:place></st1:state>.<span style=""> </span>On the northern flank of the basin the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Jordan</st1:place></st1:country-region> is tapped by hundreds of municipal wells.<span style=""> </span>Toward the center of the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">Forest</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">City</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Basin</st1:placetype></st1:place>, the water becomes so high in sulfate that the water is "not potable" = not drinkable because drinking the water results in a "mild" laxitive effect.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br />Some important mineral deposits are found in the "ringing" areas of depositional basins.<span style=""> </span>The lead and zinc deposits of the tri-state mining district may have originated deep in sedimentary basins in pore fluids and have been precipitated or deposited in the pore and fracture spaces in the shallower ringing areas of the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">Forest</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">City</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Basin</st1:placetype></st1:place> on its southern margine in the Tri-State Mining District (<st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Missouri</st1:place></st1:state>, <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Oklahoma</st1:place></st1:state>, <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">Kansas</st1:place></st1:state> state lines junction).<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reviewing the chemical nature of cementing agents can also suggest/imply original depositonal environments -- marine depositional systems are more likely to be associated with hydrocarbon reserves.<span style=""> </span>Terrestrial depositonal systems such as deltaic systems are more likely to be associated with coal and lignite resources.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p><span style=""></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><b>e.<span style=""> </span>Secondary Cementation:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Secondary cementation is, as the name implies, cementation that occurs after the initial cement precipitation.<span style=""> </span>Secondary cements can form when:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">If initial cements are readily soluble, they can be partially or fully removed by later solution. That later pore fluid may have have minerals in solution that can be precipitated forming a second stage of cementation (known as a second "generation" of cementing)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -9pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -9pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">If some initial pore space remains and a second cementing medium moves thought the residual pore space, a second "layer" of cement can be deposited on-top-of or surrounding the original cementing material.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Secondary cements can be comprised of essentially any mineral species present in primary cements.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><b>f.<span style=""> </span>Implications for Recognition of Secondary Cements:</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recognition of secondary cements allows a geologist to perceive changes in the geological history of a sedimentary rock sequence.<span style=""> </span>For example, a sedimentary rock may have a siliceous and iron-oxide primary cement indicative of terrestrial conditions but a secondary cement of carbonate. The carbonate indicates later pore fluid was possibly related to marine fluids/marine brines; so a geologist can infer a terrestrial area may have been submerged even though the overlying rocks may not bear witness to the event. Recognition of secondary cements also has implications in terms of rock recognition. Some sandstone formations may have distinctive cement signatures -- literally layers of cements that are unique because of the unique sequence of precipitation events that formed them.<span style=""> </span>It is possible, sometimes, to distinguish very similar sandstones based on different cement signatures. Formations that might be hard to correlate and develop fence or panel diagrams can be discerned and equated based on their cement signature.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><b>4.<span style=""> </span>Recrystallization<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recrystallization will be limited to include grain changes that are physical in nature and not chemical in nature.<span style=""> </span>Essentially recrystallization will be viewed as a change in grain size, shape, and orientation. Recrystallization results primarily from pressure changes in sedimentary sequences.<span style=""> </span>Pressure may be due to deep burial or may be due to compression related to mountainbuilding.<span style=""> </span>Where grains touch, pressure results in pressure solution.<span style=""> </span>Dissolved compounds may be carried in solution only a short way (on order of fraction of mm) and precipitated almost immediately or may be carried away.<span style=""> </span>Immediate precipitation causes mineral grains to enlarge and often become more equidimensional.<span style=""> </span>The well rounded quartz grains in many quartz arenites have a quartz "halo" which is known as a quartz overgrowth, resulting from solution and some pressure solution and then precipitation of the silica as a cement. In effect the quartz grains become larger.<span style=""> </span>Carbonate (calcite) grains are even more responsive to pressure solution than silicates and commonly carbonate grains in limestones have been recrystallized.<span style=""> </span>Fossils fragments very commonly have overgrowths of calcite. The consequences of recrystallization are primarily in the nature of changes in porosity and permeability -- usually a reduction of both.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""></span><b>5.<span style=""> </span>Replacement<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Replacement will refer to the actually replacement of an original mineral species with another mineral species -- such as calcite replaced by silica or calcite (or calcite replaced by pyrite or an iron oxide mineral).<span style=""> </span>Replacement involves the molecule-by-molecule replacement of original mineral material by other minerals in solution and is a result of changes in chemistry of pore solution.<span style=""> </span>If a sediment is in equilibrium with its pore fluids, then the grains remain unchanged.<span style=""> </span>If the chemical composition of the pore fluids change, then the grains and fluid are not longer in equilibrium.<span style=""> </span>If the fluid is unsaturated with respect to the mineral species, then solution occurs.<span style=""> </span>If the sediment is a limestone, then calcite is dissolved.<span style=""> </span>If the solution is oversaturated with some mineral such as iron oxide, then the iron oxide precipitates in the space left by the dissolved calcite.<span style=""> </span>The iron oxide replaces calcite in a molecule-by-molecule fashion.<span style=""> </span>If long periods of non-equilibrium exist, then large masses of sediments and sedimentary rocks can be altered by replacement. Replacement, then, can occur when non-equilibrium conditions exist between rock and pore fluids. Some of the situations that can produce non-equilibrium conditions (i.e. pore fluid differences):<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="">C</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">hange in geological setting -- For example, a sedimentary rock may have formed in a carbonate Bahama type of setting and may be a fossiliferous limestone. If sea level drops, fresh water can percolate downward. Often times fresh water is more acidic because of plant acids in plant residues. Because of high acidity, silica and iron may be in solution and colloidal suspension. The fluids percolating through the underlying grainstones or wackestones is undersaturated with respect to calcite, so calcite begins to dissolve. Dissolved calcium reduces the acidity (raises the pH). Reductions in acidity mean that silica and iron can become supersaturated and precipitate. The calcite can be replaced by iron oxides or silica. A classic example of grainstones being replaced by iron oxides is in the iron quarries of northern </span><st1:state style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" st="on"><st1:place st="on">Minnesota</st1:place></st1:state> at the Hill Annex Mine.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> Thick sequences of fossiliferous limestones have been replaced by hematite – hematite gastropods, bivalves, etc.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="">C</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">hanges in stratigraphy -- For example, where sedimentary strata change abruptly, such as the transition from sandstone to silty shale at the base of the local Hartshorne Sandstone and the underlying Atoka Formation, the lithologic change may promote chemical changes in the pore fluids that can result in replacement of existing minerals.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--></p><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="">W</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">here fresh water and salt water/brines mix.</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoPlainText" style="margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:85%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-58503991396080530232009-01-07T09:48:00.000+07:002009-01-13T10:39:53.323+07:00Irian Jaya<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Irian Jaya terletak pada 1˚-9˚ LS dan 129˚-141˚ BT. Geologi Irian Jaya sangat kompleks melibatkan interaksi antara lempeng Australia dengan lempeng Pasifik. Hampir seluruh evolusi tektonik Kenozoikum merupakan hasil interaksi konvergen antara lempeng Indo-Australia dan lempeng Pasifik (Hamilton, 1979; Dow et al., 1988). Papua Nugini dan Pegunungan Central Range merupakan hasil tumbukan antara kontinen dan bsur kepulauan (Dewey and Bird, 1970). Pegunungan Central Range terbentuk dari batuan Mesozoikum yang terlipat dan tersesarkan serta lapisan Kenozoikum yang terendapkan pada batas Kontinental pasif. Di batasi oleh:
<br /></span></div><ul><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Utara : Samudra Pasifik</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Timur : Papua Nugini </span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Selatan : Laut Arafuru </span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Barat : Laut Banda</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"> Irian Jaya, bagian barat dari Pulau New Guinea adalah ekspresi permukaan dari batas utara deformasi blok kontinen Australia dan lempeng Pasifik. Secara topografi, Irian Jaya dianalogikan berbentuk seperti bagian tubuh burung dan di bagi menjadi :
<br /></span></div><span style="font-size:130%;">
<br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">A. Tubuh burung:</span> didominasi struktur berarah barat-baratlaut sepanjang Central Range. Diakhiri sesar mendatar berarah Barat-Timur. Didominasi oleh pegunungan tengah masif dan central range. Daratan di sebelah utara berupa cekungan intramountain yang dinamakan Meervlakte yang dibatasi di bagian utara oleh pegunungan yang dibentuk oleh metamorfisme dengan relief yang sedang.
<br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Central range: berupa plateau dengan lebar sampai dengan 100 km yang memanjang dari danau Paniai di barat sampai daerah perbatasan Papua Nugini. Dilihat dari peta geologi, terlihat bahwa sebagian besar terdiri dari batuan yang terlipat dan Grup Batuganping Nugini.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Glasiasi: gejala erosi glasiasi berupa cirques dan lembah berbentuk U. Banyak ditemui moraines di bagian utara main range dan mungkin juga diendapkan di sayap selatan tetapi sudah terpindahkan oleh erosi yang intensif di daerah yang terjal.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Danau Paniai: dibentuk oleh sesar dan berasosiasi dengan bidang perlengkungan yang membendung air dari sungai Jawee.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Pegunungan Ofiolit: terletak di antara Central Range dan Meervlakte berkomposisi batuan plutonik basa dan ultra basa sepanjang lebih dari 300 km.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Meervlakte: merupakan cekungan intramountain dan dataran aluvial sepanjang 300 km dan lebar 50 km yang mengalami subsiden aktif sejak Miosen Tengah sampai sekarang, dengan kecepatan subsiden lebih cepat daripada sedimentasi Umumnya berupa swamp yang disalurkan oleh sungai Idenburg dan meander Ruffaer.</span></li></ul><span style="font-size:130%;">
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">B. Leher burung:</span> ditandai dengan perubahan arah struktur dari barat timur (tubuh) menjadi N-NW (leher).
<br /></span><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Lengguru Fold Belt: punggungan membentuk sabuk yang umumnya tersesarkan dan berupa antiklin.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Semenanjung Wandamen: adalah bagian utara dekat punggungan batuan metamorf. Punggungan memiliki sistem drainase tertutup mengikuti sayap punggungan.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Weyland Range: berupa pegunungan masif yang menghubungkan bagian leher dengan tubuh burung. </span></li></ul><span style="font-size:130%;">
<br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">C. Kepala burung:</span> terdiri dari batuan metamorf dan batuan granit. Bagian batuan metamorf terpotong di bagian utara dan NE oleh lembah linier bidang erosi di Sorong dan sesar Ransiki. struktur sesar berarah barat-timur
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<br />Secara geomorfologi di bagi menjadi:
<br /></span><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Satuan morfologi perbukitan: daerah tengah dan utara, penampakan morfologi: bagian yang bergelombang.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Satuan morfologi perbukitan dengan pola kelurusan dan gua-gua: bagian tengah peta, berupa karst. </span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Satuan morfologi dataran: daerah datar hingga agak bergelombang lemah dengan ketinggian kurang dari 100 m dpl.</span></li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Geologi Irian Jaya dapat dibagi menjadi 3 mandala geologi utama, yaitu Kontinental, Oceanik dan Transisional.
<br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ol><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Mandala Kontinental tersusun atas sedimen kraton Australia </span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Mandala Oceanik tersusun atas batuan ofiolit dan kompleks volkanik busur kepulauan sebagai bagian dari Lempeng Pasifik.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Mandala Transisional merupakan daerah yang mengandung batuan metamorf regional dan terdeformasi kuat, sebagai produk interaksi antara dua lempeng.</span></li></ol></div><span style="font-size:130%;">Secara litotektonik, Irian dapat dibagi menjadi 4 mandala, yaitu:
<br /></span><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">New Guinea foreland/foreland basin (Arafura Platform): mencakup Laut Arafura dan dataran pantai selatan yang terletak pada Lempeng Australia. Terdiri dari sedimen Pliosen marin dan non-marin yang tidak termetamorfkan dan sedimen Holosen silisiklastik yang menutupi karbonat Kenozoikum dan batuan silisiklastik Mesozoikum.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Jalur perlipatan dan sesar naik Central Range: tersusun atas jalur orogenik yang memanjang Barat-Timur. Jalur perlipatan dan sesar naik melibatkan batuan Paleozoikum sampai Tersier yang berasal dari benua Australia.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Jalur metamorfik Ruffaer dan jalur ofiolit: jalur ofiolit Irian Jaya dan jalur metamorfik Ruffaer dipisahkan oleh jalur sesar, jalur ofiolit Irian Jaya ditutupi oleh aluvium yang berasal dari Depresi Meervlakte.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Kompleks busur kepulauan Melanesia. (Depresi Meervlakte/cekungan pantai utara dan Jalur sesar naik Mamberamo).</span></li></ul><span style="font-size:130%;">Ada 3 model struktur dan tektonisme yang diajukan untuk menjelaskan tentang Irian Jaya:
<br /></span><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Model pembalikan polaritas subduksi (pembalikan busur) (Dewey and Bird, 1970; Hamilton, 1979; Milsom, 1985; Dow et al. 1988; Katili, 1991)yang menyatakan bahwa lempeng benua Australia menunjam ke arah utara, diikuti tumbukan (collision) dan penunjaman Lempeng Pasifik ke arah selatan pada Palung New Guinea.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Model Zippering (Ripper and McCue, 1983; Cooper and Taylor, 1987)yang menyatakan bahwa di bagian timur pulau Irian, terdapat dua subduksi lempeng samudera yang merupakan kemenerusan ke arah barat dari subduksi lempeng Solomon.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Model perubahan sudut penunjaman yang menyatakan bahwa subduksi Lempeng Australia berubah sudut penunjaman menjadi vertikal tanpa pembalikan arah subduksi.</span></li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"> Persamaan ketiga model tersebut di atas adalah bahwa semua menyatakan bahwa bagian selatan dari Pulau Irian disusupi oleh batas lempeng pasif utara dari benua Australia yang mengandung sedimen tebal dari sedimen silisiklastik Mesozoikum berubah secara berangsur menjadi lapisan karbonat Kenozoikum.
<br />
<br /></span><span style="font-size:130%;">Sedangkan perbedaan utama yang terjadi adalah peristiwa tumbukan dengan busur kepulauan.
<br /></span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Berdasarkan perubahan dari sedimentasi karbonat menjadi sedimentasi klastik yang luas akibat pengangkatan orogenesis, tumbukan berawal sejak Miosen Akhir. (Visser and Hermes, 1966; Dow and Sukamto, 1984; Dow et al., 1988)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Berdasarkan umur batuan metamorf pada Papua Nugini, tumbukan berawal sejak Oligosen Awal (Pigram et al., 1989; Davies, 1990)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Untuk menjelaskan hal ini, Dow et al., 1988; mengajukan kemungkinan bahwa Irian merupakan hasil dari dua tumbukan yang berbeda antara kontinen dan busur kepulauan, yaitu selama Oligosen dan selama Miosen (Orogenesis Melanesia)</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Quarles van Ufford, 1996 mengajukan kemungkinan bahwa pada Pulau Irian terjadi dua peristiwa orogenesis yang berbeda secara ruang dan waktu. </span></li></ol><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Orogenesis Kepulauan pada Eosen-Oligosen terjadi pada daerah Ekor Burung pada bagian paling Timur dari Pulau Irian (Nugini). Pembentukan dan erosi yang tercatat selama Oligosen dan sedimen klastik yang lebih muda pada Aure Trough.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Orogenesis Central Range dimulai pada Miosen Tengah dan menyebabkan penyebaran sedimen klastik yang luas. Orogenesis ini dibagi menjadi tahap sebelum tumbukan dan tahap tumbukan. Tahap sebelum tumbukan berkaitan dengan metamorfisme pada sedimen batas pasif, sedangkan tahap tumbukan terjadi ketika pengapungan (buoyancy) litosfer Australia menghentikan subduksi, deformasi melibatkan basement kristalin dari lempeng benua Australia. Dilaminasi tumbukan terjadi antara 7-3 juta tahun yang lalu, menyebabkan aktivitas magma tahap akhir dan pengangkatan pegunungan sebanyak 1-2 km. Proses ini memicu pergerakan sesar mendatar mengiri dengan arah Barat-Timur yang mendominasi tektonik resen pada Pulau Irian bagian Barat.</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Secara umum struktur regional Irian Jaya dapat dibagi menjadi 3 zona struktur, yaitu:
<br /></span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Tubuh Burung: didominasi oleh struktur berarah Barat-Barat Laut sepanjang Central Range (Jalur Mobil Nugini). Diakhiri oleh sesar mendatar dengan arah Barat-Timur (Zona Sesar Tarera-Aiduna, TAFZ) pada Leher Burung.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Leher Burung: didominasi oleh struktur berarah Utara- Barat Laut (Jalur Perlipatan Lengguru, LFB), yang berhenti pada tinggian Kemum pada daerah Kepala Burung.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Kepala Burung: didominasi oleh struktur sesar berarah Barat-Timur.</span></li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">STRATIGRAFI </span>
<br /></span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Awigatoh</span><span style="font-size:130%;">: tersingkap di Mapenduma dan antiklin Digul. Terdiri dari batuan metabasals, metavulkanik, batugamping, serpih, mudstone. Ditemui struktur lava bantal → endapan laut</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Kariem: struktur sedimen: laminasi, ripple, paralel laminasi, cross bedding. Bagian bawah formasi teridi dari 30% siltstone dan 60% mudstone, sedangkan bagian atas >80% batupasir halus. Merupakan endapan turbidit submarine.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Tuaba: terdiri dari batupasir halus s/d kasar, perselingan dengan konglomerat dan serpih, siltstone, mudstone. Diendapkan pada lingkungan marine dekat pantai, dan bagian offshore shelf menuju daerah pasang surut.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Modio: bagian atas didominasi batuan klastik halus dengan struktur cross bedding dan laminasi paralel. Bagian bawah didominasi karbonat. Fosil: gastropoda, Crinoid, Brachiopoda, koral. Endapan daerah pasang susut hingga marine shelf.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Aiduna: terdiri dari batubara, batupasir konglomeratan dengan perselingan batupasir karbonatan, siltstone, serpih. Ditemui struktur cross bedding, ripple, load cast, bioturbasi. Fosil Brachiopoda. Diendapkan pad daerah fluvial s/d delta. </span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Tipuma: umur Trias – Jura awal. Didominasi mudstone dan siltstone, bagian bawah formasi ditemui perselingan batupasir halus dengan batupasir kasar. Diendapkan pada lingkungan fluvial.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Unit Kembelengan: mengandung siltstone karbonan dan mudstone di bagian bawah, batupasir glaukonitan, batupasir berbutir seragam, dan sedikit serpih di bagian top.</span></li></ol><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Kupai</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Woniwogi</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Pynia</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Formasi Ekmai</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Resume sejarah geologi secara singkat pada Tersier:
<br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Eosen: terbentuk geosinklin dangkal yang mengandung endapan batugamping.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Oligo – Miosen:pengendapan cekungan.</span></li><li><span style="font-size:130%;">Plio-Pliosen:tektonik → konvergen.</span>
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<br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;">Darman, Herman dan F.Hasan Sidi. <i style=""><u>An Outline of Geology of Indonesia</u></i>. IAGI. 2000.
<br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><o:p></o:p>Dow, Robinson, et al. <i style=""><u>Preliminary Geological Report: Geology of Irian Jaya. </u></i>Departemen of Mines and Energy Indonesia & The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau.1988.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><o:p></o:p><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">Hamilton, Warren. </span><i style="font-family: times new roman;"><u>Tectonic of The Indonesian Region</u></i><span style="font-family:times new roman;">. United State Government Printing Office. Washington. 1979.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style=";font-family:";" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <span style="font-size:130%;">
<br /></span> Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-6557061440072445322009-01-06T16:44:00.000+07:002009-01-09T16:31:49.759+07:00Akifer<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Tipologi akifer</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Kondisi dan distribusi system akifer dalam sistem geologi dikontrol oleh faktor litologi, stratigrafi dan struktur dari endapan-endapan geologi. Litologi adalah penyusun secara fisik meliputi komposisi mineral, ukuran butir dan kemas dari endapan-endapan atau batuan yang membentuk sistem geologi. Stratigrafi menggambarkan kondisi geometri dan hubungan umur antar lapisan, atau satuan batuan dalam sistem geologi. Sedangkan struktur merupakan bentuk/sifat geometri dari sistem geologi yang diakibatkan deformasi yang terjadi setelah batuan terbentuk. Pada saat sendimen yang belum terkonsolidasi/kompak, kontrol yang berperan adalah litologi dan stratigrafi. Pengetahuan akan ketiga faktor di atas memberikan arahan kepada pemahaman karakteristik dan distribusi sistem akifer (Freeze dan Cherry, 1979).<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Kesamaan iklim dan kondisi geologi di suatu daerah akan memberikan kesamaan sistem airtanah. Kondisi ini akan berpengaruh terhadap karakter fisika dan kimia serta kualitas airtanah dalam sistem tersebut. Berdasarkan karakter tersebut dan kondisi geografis serta morfologis keberadaan dan penyebaran airtanah di Indonesia, maka Puradimadja (1993) mengajukan 5 tipologi sistem akifer untuk wilayah Indonesia yaitu:<br /></div><br />1. Tipologi sistem akifer Endapan Gunungapi<br />2. Tipologi sistem akifer Endapan Aluvial<br />3. Tipologi sistem akifer Endapan Sedimen<br />4. Tipologi sistem akifer Endapan Kristalin dan Metamorf<br />5. Tipologi sistem akifer Endapan Glasial<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Media Penyusun Akifer</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> Berdasarkan sifat fisik batuan, secara garis besar ada 2 jenis media penyusun akifer, yaitu sistem media pori dan sistem media rekahan. Kedua sistem ini memiliki karakter airtanah yang berbeda satu sama lain. Pada sistem media berpori, air tanah mengalir melalui rongga antar butir yang terdapat dalam suatu batuan misalnya batupasir dan batuan aluvial. Pada sistem media rekahan, air mengalir melalui rekahan-rekahan yang terdapat pada batuan yang terkena tektonik kuat, pada batugamping, batuan metamorf, dan lava. Rekahan terjadi selain proses tektonik, juga akibat proses pelarutan.<br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Penggolongan Terminologi Lapisan Akifer dan Bukan Akifer</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan kemampuan batuan/tanah pelapukan untuk menyimpan dan mengalirkan air terdapat 4 jenis batuan yang membagi jenis-jenis tipologi akifer di atas, yaitu:<br /></div><br />3.1 Akifer (aquifer)<br />Lapisan yang dapat menyimpan dan mengalirkan air dalam jumlah yang ekonomis. Contoh : pasir, kerikil, batupasir, batugamping rekahan.<br /><br />3.2 Akiklud (aquiklud)<br /> Lapisan yang mampu menyimpan air, tetapi tidak dapat mengalirkan dalam jumlah yang berarti misalnya lempung, serpih, tuf halus, lanau.<br /><br />3.3 Akifug (aquifug)<br /> Lapisan batuan yang kedap air, tidak dapat menyimpan dan mengalirkan air, misalkan batuan kristalin, metamorf kompak.<br /><br />3.4 Akitar (aquitar)<br /> Lapisan yang dapat menyimpan air dan mengalirkan dalam jumlah yang terbatas, misalnya lempung pasiran (sandy clay).Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-86332284173881266272009-01-06T16:38:00.000+07:002009-01-09T16:36:12.424+07:00Weathering Process<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" 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gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="">PELAPUKAN FISIKA<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Pelapukan fisika terjadi akibat hancurnya material utama (induk) kemudian diikuti oleh pengurangan ukuran butirnya. Batuan hancur akibat adanya tekanan (stess) yang bekerja sepanjang zona lemah dari material tersebut antara lain : bidang perlapisan dan rekahan. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Tekanan yang mengakibatkan peristiwa disintegrasi dibentuk karena adanya pengembangan (expansi) dari batuan atau mineral itu sendiri atau akibat tekanan yang disebabkan oleh material yang berasal dari luar. Seperti pada pelapukan kimia, proses pelapukan fisika juga dipengaruhi oleh proses endogen dan eksogen. Rata-rata faktor yang paling berpengaruh dari pelapukan ini adalah iklim dan vegetasi (eksogen). Faktor lainnya berkaitan dengan struktur dan komposisi dari batuan itu sendiri.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style="">
<br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style="">EKSPANSI BATUAN DAN MINERAL<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Proses ekspansi batuan dan mineral pada dasarnya dapat dibagi menjadi :</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><i style="">Thermal Expansion :</i></b><i style=""> </i>pengaruh panas dapat mengganggu sifat fisik dari batuan. Batuan dengan konduktivitas suhu rendah akan sulit mengalirkan panas begitu pula sebaliknya. Panas ini dapat berpengaruh langsung terhadap proses ekspansi (pengembangan) batuan itu sendiri.</li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><i style="">Unloading :</i></b> proses ekspansi dari fragmen batuan muncul ketika tekanan (beban) yang bekerja pada batuan tersebut hilang setelah terjadinya erosi. Proses erosi yang berpengaruh sangat besar dalam proses ekspansi ini. Perlu diketahui pula proses erosi tersebut dikontrol secara langsung oleh morfologi dari batuan tersebut berada.</li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><i style="">Hydration dan Swelling :</i></b> ekspansi muncul ketika mineral terbentuk atau ketika mineral-mineral mengalami proses alterasi dengan penambahan air kedalam struktur mineral atau batuan tersebut. Salah satu contoh dari proses ekspansi ini adalah mineral lempung. Mineral lempung ini dapat mengalami pengembangan dalam ukuran volume diakibatkan adanya proses penambahan air dalam struktur kimianya. Pada formasi lempung proses ekspansi yang disebabkan oleh kadar air ini seringkali disebut dengan swelling.</li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style=""><i style="">Salt Weathering :</i></b><i style=""> </i>proses hidrasi dari salt (garam) seringkali terjadi di dalam <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> bangunan yang terbuat dari batu dan semen. Proses ini dapat membentuk tekanan (stress) yang berakibat pada proses disintegrasi pada dinding- dinding bangunan tersebut.<span style=""> </span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style="">
<br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style="">PERTUMBUHAN DALAM <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">PORI</st1:place></st1:city><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Proses yang menyebabkan tekanan selain yang berasal dari luar material juga berasal dari dalam material itu sendiri. Proses ini dapat muncul apabila terdapat material yang tumbuh di dalam <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> atau rongga kosong batuan.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Banyak faktor yang menjadi penyebab munculnya proses ini salah satu diantaranya adalah adanya rekahan kecil (microcrack) yang dibentuk oleh proses-proses yang terjadi di dalam bumi. Proses-proses pembentukan rekahan kecil (microcrack) diperkirakan telah terjadi sebelumnya sebelum batuan tersebut tersingkap di permukaan. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Pori</st1:place></st1:city> atau rongga kosong ini tidak mengalami ekspansi secara tiba-tiba dalam arah atau dimensi tertentu semuanya berbeda tergantung dari perbedaan beban (tekanan) yang dialami daerah satu dengan yang lainnya. Rekahan kecil (microcrack) merupakan faktor dominan sebagai pemicu awal dalam proses pertumbuhan <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place>.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu tumbuhan dan organisme dapat membantu dalam proses disintegrasi. Namun tumbuhan ini memiliki pengaruh paling besar pada batuan yang telah terubah menjadi tanah (soil). Akar tanaman seringkali tumbuh pada rekahan dan merubah struktur batuan utama menjadi material tanah (soil). Akan tetapi pengaruh dari tanaman dalam proses pertumbuhan <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place> diperkirakan kurang begitu dominan bila dibandingkan dengan proses lainnya.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Faktor utama yang paling banyak dijumpai terkait dengan proses pertumbuhan <st1:city st="on">pori</st1:city> adalah kristalisasi es (frost action) atau kristalisasi mineral-mineral lainnya dalam <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">pori</st1:place></st1:city>. Pada sistem tertutup diperkirakan volume dari air akan meningkat sebesar 9% apabila air tersebut mengalami proses kristalisasi menjadi es. Perubahan inilah yang menyebabkan tekanan hidrostatik pada hampir setiap jenis batuan. Frost action dapat bekerja paling efektif ketika batuan memiliki kejenuhan tinggi sebelum mengalami proses pembekuan. Jika lebih dari 20% rongga <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">pori</st1:place></st1:city> dalam keadaan kosong sebelum terjadi frost action maka kemungkinan besar ekspansi dari es yang terbentuk akan lebih kecil dari kekuatan batuan, sehingga proses disintergrasi tidak akan muncul. Dengan kata lain dapat disimpulkan bahwa intensitas dari frost action sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh struktur <st1:city st="on">pori</st1:city> atau besarnya rongga <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">pori</st1:city></st1:place>.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Mineral juga dapat mengalami pertumbuhan dalam <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">pori</st1:place></st1:city> mirip dengan proses frost action. Tekanan yang dihasilkan oleh kristalisasi mineral dipercaya lebih besar daripada tekanan akibat frost action tetapi semuanya tergantung pada konsentrasi dari ion-ion penyusun larutannya. Ion-ion yang cenderung diendapkan : sulfat, karbonat, klorida, dan ion-ion lainnya dengan mobilitas tinggi (Ca, Na, Mg, K). Selain itu proses kristalisasi mineral lebih intensif di daerah dengan iklim kering dimana ion-ion cenderung mobilitasnya menjadi rendah (immobile) karena proses pencucian (leaching) yang tidak sempurna. Pada prinsipnya kristal tumbuh pada berbagai kondisi yakni : </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Penurunan kelarutan garam (salt) seiring dengan menurunnya temperatur.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Efek dari ion-ion ketika terjadi pencampuran larutan kaya garam (salt rich).</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Proses evaporasi yang terjadi.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></li></ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style="">
<br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b style="">PENGARUH AIR TERHADAP PROSES PELAPUKAN FISIKA DAN KIMIA</b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> 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{size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Dari pemaparan sebelumnya dapat disimpulkan bahwa air memiliki peranan yang sangat besar dalam proses pelapukan fisika terutama dalam proses disintegrasi. Hidrasi, frost action, pertumbuhan kristal, dan swelling semuanya memerlukan air sebagai komponen dasar meskipun jumlah air yang dibutuhkan tidak begitu besar. Oleh karena itu disadari bahwa adanya keterkaitan antara iklim dan pelapukan di suatu daerah. Pelapukan fisika pada umumnya lebih dominan di daerah dimana pengendapan oleh kristalisasi es telah berlangsung dan temperatur pada umumnya mendekati titik beku. Kenyataan ini menunjukkkan pentingnya frost action sebagai alat utama dalam proses pelapukan serta fakta bahwa daerah dengan siklus iklim salju akan lebih berpotensi sebagai tempat pelapukan fisika terkait dengan frost action. Pada daerah-daerah tertentu kadangkala karakter dari iklim akan memiliki pengaruh yang lebih kecil dalam proses pelapukan fisika berbeda dengan kenyataan seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas. Oleh karena itu sangat penting sekali untuk memahami hubungan antara iklim-litologi-sistem pelapukan dari suatu daerah untuk mengetahui mekanisme pelapukan yang bekerja di daerah tersebut secara detail.</p>
<br /><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><o:p> </o:p></p> Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1433574117594598600.post-59547920617861806882009-01-06T16:33:00.000+07:002009-01-09T16:36:48.522+07:00Karbonisasi<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CRandy%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> 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mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoBodyText2, li.MsoBodyText2, div.MsoBodyText2 {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-link:"Body Text 2 Char"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} span.BodyText2Char {mso-style-name:"Body Text 2 Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Body Text 2"; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-ansi-language:SV;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Karbonisasi meliputi<span style=""> </span>proses perombakan batubara dengan keadaan anaerob (tanpa oksigen) pada temperatur rendah 459-700<sup>0 </sup>C dan pada temperatur tinggi 900-1200<sup>0</sup> C menghasilkan material padat dan berpori yang merupakan residu proses karbonisasi disebut kokas atau arang serta gas yang mudah menguap (Tsai, 1980).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Pada umumnya material padat terdiri atas semi kokas yang terbentuk dari batubara yang yang tidak mengalami pematangan dan kokas yang berasal dari batubara yang telah mengalami pematangan.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Selama karbonisasi batubara mengalami beberapa tahap perubahan fisika dan kimia. Perubahan fisika terdiri atas pelunakan, aliran material, penggabungan dan pengerasan, sedangkan perubahan kimia terdiri atas perekahan polimerisasi dan penguapan. Faktor-faktor di atas dapat mempengaruhi kualitas dari batubara dalam hal komposisi petrografinya.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2"><span style="">Type batubara dicirikan oleh variasi maseral dan kandungan mineral dalam batubara (Cook, 1975; Stach, 1985). Pembentukan type ini sangat dikontrol oleh berbagai faktor, diantaranya oleh variasi spatial dan temporal dari iklim purba, umur geologi, proses tektonik, kondisi ekologi lingkungan pengendapan tumbuhan pembentuk batubara dan komunitas tumbuhannya. Type batubara terjadi pada fase biokimia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Rank atau peringkat batubara adalah tingkat kematangan material organik yang dimulai dari tingkat paling rendah berupa lignit, sub-bituminus, bituminus, semi antrasit, antrasit hingga meta antrasit. Tahap karbonisasi ini didominasi oleh proses geokimia, sehingga faktor terpenting dalam pembentukan peringkat batubara ini adalah temperatur, tekanan dan waktu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;">Pengamatan petrografi batubara pada dasarnya mencakup dua hal yaitu identifikasi kelimpahan serta komposisi maseral yaitu maseral vitrinit, inertinit dan liptinit (Tabel 1). Batubara dengan komposisi inertinit tinggi dan vitrinit rendah akan cenderung menghasilkan batubara berkekuatan rendah sedangkan apabila vitrinit yang tinggi dan inertinit yang rendah batubara tersebut akan memiliki kekuatan sedang. Namun batubara dengan kekuatan yang tinggi akan didapatkan apabila komposisi batubara menunjukkan kandungan vitrinit dan inertinit yang berimbang. Kekuatan batubara dapat pula mempengaruhi peringkat batubara, melalui petrografi dapat diketahui peringkat batubara melalui reflaktansi vitrinit. Batubara dengan reflaktansi vitrinit bernilai 1,2-1,4 dapat menghasilkan batubara dengan kekuatan yang tinggi.</p> Radiolarianhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13168724056974214794noreply@blogger.com0